1172 


THE  LATIMER  COLLECTION  OF  ANTIQUITIES 


PORTO  RICO  LN  THE  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


THE  GUESDE  COLLECTION  OF  ANTIQUITIES 


POINTE-A-PITRE,  GUADELOUPE,  WEST  INDIES. 


OTIS  T.  MASON. 


[FROM  THE  SMITHSONIAN  REPORTS  FOR  1876  AND  1884.] 


WASHINGTON: 
PUBLISHED  BY  THE  SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION. 

1899.    . 


■•J.i.i-'l.Vi-l.XW  X 


UNIVERSn^Y  OF  CALIFORNIA 
SANTA  BARBARA 
PREFACE. 

Since  the  two  papers  here  reproduced  were  written  considerable  litera- 
ture has  accumulated  with  reference  to  the  archaeology  of  the  Greater 
and  the  Lesser  Antilles  and  contiguous  areas  in  Central  America,  South 
America,  and  the  United  States. 

While  there  are  tj'pes  of  ornamentation  and  manufactures  connnon 
throughout  the  regions  mentioned,  it  is  quite  definitely  settled  that  cer- 
tain peculiar  forms  of  stone  implements,  called  ( 'aril)  in  the  Guesde  collec- 
tion, reached  no  f  urthei"  north  than  Guadeloupe  and  the  adjacent  smaller 
islands,  and  new  t^^pes  of  carvings  in  stone  and  wood  appear  in  Porto 
Rico  and  the  Bahamas.  Indeed,  no  discover}^  has  been  made  in  the 
last  twenty-tive  \'ears,  which  goes  to  show  that  some  of  these  peculiar 
types  were  not  restricted  to  Porto  Rico  itself. 

Since  the  accpiisition  of  the  Latimer  collection  by  the  Smithsonian 
Institution,  however,  other  collections  have  been  made  in  Porto  Rico,  so 
that  the  number  of  collars  known  amounts  to  one  hundred,  while  the 
number  of  Zemes  has  been  also  greatly  increased.  Mention  should  be 
made  in  this  place  of  Professor  William  H.  Holmes'  studies  in  potter}' 
ornamentation,  through  which  he  finds  traces  of  Carib])ean  influence  in 
the  meandering  designs  figured  in  the  Latimer  pamphlet  in  South  Caro- 
lina and  Florida.  He  sa3's:  "The  ceramic  products  bearing  evidence  of 
Carib])ean  influence  in  Florida  belong  to  the  latest  pre-Columbian  times — 
the  Timuquanan-^Muskhogean  period — while  the  earlier  pottery,  repre- 
sented in  what  appears  to  be  a  middle  period  of  shell-heap  deposition, 
affiliates  with  phases  of  the  art  prevalent  in  the  Gulf  States  beyond  the 
limits  of  supposed  Carib  influence. 

"Taken  altogether,  the  ceramic  phenomena  of  the  Southern  States 
seem  to  indicate  prett}'  much  the  degree  of  intercourse  between  the  na- 
tions occupying  the  neighboring  land  areas  as  would  be  expected  of  en- 
terprising peoples  well  enough  advanced  in  maritime  matters  to  navigate 
the  wide  straits  with  considerable  ease,  j^et  decidedly  attached  through 
long  occupation  to  definite  traditional  seats  of  habitation;  the  tendency 
being  under  such  conditions  of  association  for  culture  elements  to  pass 
by  infiltration,  so  to  speak,  from  the  higher  to  the  lower  culture  groups.'" 

In  this  .same  connection'  attention  is  called  to  the  discovery  of  the 
blow-tube  in  North  Carolina  and  Louisiana,  and  the  custom  of  the  In- 
dians in  the  latter  of  weaving  bandages  above  the  calf  of  the  leg  and  on 
the  upper  part  of  the  arm. 

The  mostsignificantarchfeological  investigations,  however,in  this  con- 
nection were  those  of  Mr.  Frank  Hamilton  Gushing  at  San  Marco,  in 
southwestern  Florida,  and  the  explorations  of  Mr.  Clarence  Moore  in  the 
sand  mounds  of  Florida.  The  latter  author  has  clearly  revealed  a  cul- 
ture not  akin  to  that  of  the  Indians  found  upon  the  spot  when  this  region 
was  first  visited  by  Ponce  de  Leon,  but  Mr.  Cushing's  explorations  in  the 
old  canals  and  artificial  lagoons  reveal  a  wealth  of  archaM)logical  treas- 
ures, all  of  wdiich  all}'  the  ancient  people  of  southern  Florida  to  those 
of  the  Antilles  and  of  Middle  and  South  Anuu-ica. 


IV  PRKFACE. 

1  would  call  attention  also  to  a  i)ap(M-l)y  Dr.  J.  Walter  Fewkesonthe 
"Zviuvs  of  Torto  Kico."'  in  which  ho  clearly  ti-aces  thcconnection  of  the 
inaini-stoiu's  with  the  object  of  worship  mentioned  1)y  the  early  his- 
torian^ of  ('oliinil)us.  "It  would  seem,  from  the  various  historical 
accounts  of  the  Zemes.  that  they  had  in  the  C  aril)  mind  somewhat  the 
same  siw-niticance  as  the  fetishes  in  the  conceptions  of  the  inhal)'tants  of 
the  continent  of  America.  The  same  word  is  used  for  both  iirag  sand 
•spirits."  'rhe\  alike  had  ])owers()f  uood  or  evil,  and  Boitii  or  sorcerers 
iield  conversations  with  l)oth.  Iieing aided  in  various  ways  b}' these  idols 
in  impart  iuLi' assistance  to  others.  The  spirits  and  the  image  seem  to  be 
a>^o<'iate(l. 

••  I  have  throu«:hout  thisarticle  considered  them  as  the  productions  of 
the  (aribs.  but  am  not  sure  that  another  people  may  not  have  had  a  hand 
in  their  manufacture.  That  they  belonged  to  an  al)orioinal  American 
race  seems  evident,  and  I  believe  that  race  was  the  Carib,  but  demon- 
stration of  the  fact  is  l)eyond  my  present  powers." 

The  (iuesde  collection  is  more  easily  identified  with  Carib  work,  as 
one  may  see  l)v  comparing  them  with  figures  in  works  treating  of  the 
maintained  C'aribs  of  South  America. 

Tile  following  publications  contain  matter  germane  to  the  study  of 
West  Indian  antiquities: 

Bi.AKK  ( I'^DiTH ).     The  Norbrook  Kitchen  Midden.     Victoria  Quarterly,  Kingston, 

Jamaica,  1890,  vol.  2,  pp.  26-33. 
Bkinton  (Daniel  G.  )     The  Archaeology  of  Cuba.     Am.   Archaeologist,  Columbus, 

Ohio,  1898,  vol.  2,  No.  10,  4  pp. 
DiERDEX  (.1.  K. )     Ahoriginal  Indian  Remains  in  Jamaica.     Journal  of  the  Institute 

of  .Jamaica,   Kingston,   1897,  vol.  II,  No.  4,  52  pp.     Map  and  biblio- 
graphy. 
Fewkes  (J.  Walter).     On    Zemes   from    Santo    Domingo.     Am.    Anthro]M)logist, 

Washington,  1891,  pp.  167-17.5,  7  figs?. 
Holmes  (William  H.  )     Caribbean  Influence  on  the  Prehistoric  Ceramic  Art  of  the 

Southern   States.     Am.  Anthropologist,   Washington,   1894,  pp.   71-79, 

6  figs. 

Moore  (Clarence  B. )  Certain  Aboriginal  Mounds  of  the  Georgia  Coast,  inclosing 
Inhumation  and  Incineration  in  Europe  by  the  Marquis  De  Nadaillac. 

ModUK  (Clarence  B.  )  Certain  Sand  Mounds  of  Duvall  County,  Florida,  inclosing 
Two  Mounds  on  Murphy  Island,  Florida,  and  Certain  Sand  Mounds 
of  the  Ocklawaha  River,  Fk)r da. 

MooRE  (Clarence  B. )  Certain  Sand  .Mounds  of  the  St.  Johns  River,  Florida, 
parts  1  and  2,  inclosing  P^arthenware  of  Florida  by  William  H.  Holmes. 

( )HER  ( F.  A. )  Aborigines  of  the  West  Indies.  Proc.  Am.  Antiquarian  Soc,  Worces- 
ter, .Ma-ss.,  1894,  pp.  1-16. 

( »BER  (F.  A. )     Puerto  Rico  and  Its  Resources.     New  York,  1899,  D.  Appleton  &  Co. 

TEN  Kate  (H.  F.  C,  Jcx.)  On  West  Indian  Stone  Implements  and  Other  Indian 
Relics.  Bijdragen  tot  de  Taal,  Land  en  Voikenkunde  van  Neder- 
landsch-Indie  5  Volgr.,  IV. 

TiHRN  (K.  F.,  iM.)  On  the  Races  of  the  West  Indies.  Jour,  of  the  Anthropolog- 
ical Institute,  Lond.,  Nov.,  1886,  pp.  190-196. 

Thurn  (E.  F.,  iM.)     West   Indian   Stone   Implements.     Timehri,  Demerara,  1882- * 
1884,  vol.  I,  part  2;  vol.  II,  part  2;  vol.  Ill,  part  1. 

Smithoxiax  Institution,  Otis  T.  Mason, 

.  Iy>/v7  27,  1899. 


rHE  LATIMER  COLLECTION  OF  ANTIQUITIES 

FROM 

POETO  lUCO 

I.V    THE 

NATIONAL  MUSEUM  AT  WASHINGTON,  D.  C. 

BY 

OTIS  T.  MASON. 


[From  Smithsonian  Report  for  1876.] 


ETHNOLOGY. 


THE  LATIMER  COLLECTION    OV  AXTIQIITIES  FROM    POKTO   RICO  IN    TBE 
NATIOxNAL  MISEUM,  AT  WASHINGTON,  D.  C. 

By  Otis  T.  Mason. 

The  remaikiible  beauty  and  finish  of  the  stone  implements  of  Porto 
Rico  and  others  ot  the  xVntilles  I>hinds  are  not  wholly  unknown  to 
students  of  American  Archaeology.  Now  and  then  a  small  collection 
has  found  its  way  to  Londou,  Copenhagen,  or  New  York ;  but  they 
had  never  been  collected  in  sufficient  numbers  for  a  comparative  study 
until  this  important  gift  was  bestowed'  on  the  Smithsonian  Institution. 
For  the  convenience  of  description,  the  specimens  may  be  separated 
into  the  following  classes  :  ijottery,  celts,  smoothing  stones,  mealing  stones, 
stools,  discoidal  and  spheroidal  stones,  beads,  cylinders,  amulets,  rude 
pillar-stones,  mammiform  stones,  masks,  and  collars.  In  some  of  these 
classes  the  objects  are  so  similar  to  those  found  in  other  parts  of  Amer- 
ica and  throughout  the  world,  that  the  briefest  description  will  suffice. 
In  others  the  number  of  specimens  is  so  large,  and  the  objects  so  rare, 
as  to  merit  the  most  careful  scrutiny-  and  description.  Whether  from 
accident  or  design,  there  is  not  in  all  the  collection  a  single  flaked  or 
chipped  implement  or  weapon.  Indeed,  I  have  searched  in  vain  in  the 
National  Museum  ior  flaking  or  chipping  from  a  Carib  area.  Although 
the  historians  of  the  voyages  of  Columbus  mention  arrows  pointed  with 
stone,  they  more  frequently  speak  of  bone,  teeth,  and  shells  as  the 
materials  used.  Herrera,  in  speaking  of  their  celts,  says  that  they  exca- 
vated their  canoes  with  flint  implements.  (Herrera,  Stephens's  Transla- 
tion, i,  p.  GO.) 

POTTERY. 

There  is  not  an  entire  vessel  in  the  collection,  all  of  the  specimens 
being  fragments  of  variously  shaped,  coarse,  red  pottery,  well  baked, 
one  or  two  pieces  being  glossy  on  the  surface.  {Figs.  I  and  2.)  Nearly 
all  of  the  ornamentation  is  produced  by  animal  forms  luted  on.  The 
most  of  these  are  monkey  heads  adorned  with  scrolled,  circular,  and 
fluted  coronets,  and  by  deeply  incised  lines,  often  forming  very  ingen- 
ious patterns.  Others  bear  human  faces,  all  grotesque,  and  the  figures 
of  mythological  animals.  (Figs.  3-7.)  In  one  of  them  a  W-shaped 
wreath  or  festoon  is  luted  on  the  outside.  (Fig.  8.)  A  fragment  of  the 
bottom  of  a  cu[)  or  jar  deserves  especial  mention,  on  account  of  the  ingen- 
ious labyrinthine  design  traced  on  it  by  a  deep  furrowing,  produced 
evidently  by  a  sharp  instrument  when  the  vessel  was  soft.  (Fig.  9.) 
This  bold,  deep  tracing  is  characteristic  of  all  the  ornamentation  on  the  ^ 

372 


Fig.  1. — Fragment  ot  a  jar.    ^. 


of  :i  <li^li.     i- 


r 


\ 


Fig.  .'..— 1I:iih11«-  Inmi  the 
side  ot'atlisli.     \- 


Fig.  •2.— Fragment  of  a  shallow  dish.    \. 


Fig.  3.— Hamllc  iVoiii  the  edge 
of  a  dish.     \. 


Fig.  6.— Handle  fr<>n\  the 
edge  of  a  dit-h.     \- 


PlO,  7._ll;illdlr    iKill.    the 
side  of  a  di^li.      \. 


Fig.  8. — Fragment  of  pottery,  with  wreath 
luted  on.     ^. 


Fig.  9. — Bottom  of  a  vase  with  the  patteru 
traced  in  it.    ^. 


Fig.  11.— Celt  aud  haudle 
of  polished  jadeite.    ^. 


Fig.  10.— Polished,  oval-sectioned 
celt.    i. 


1 IG.  12. — Celt  of  jadeite  in  a  han- 
dle of  wood,  Turk's  Islaud.     ^. 


ETHNOLOGY.  ;;73 

pottery.  Precisely  similar  frag;meuts  are  in  tlie  National  Museum  fn»m 
San  Domingo,  antl,  indeed,  many  of  the  pieces  rroni  southern  Central 
America  closely  resemble  them  in  quality  and  niatcrial. 

CELTS. 

The  celts,  one  hundred  and  thirty-five  in  nunil)er,  are  o\  tlie  very 
highest  order  of  workmanship,  being  beaulifully  shaped,  and  many  nf 
them  the  most  highly  polished  stone  inqtlements  in  the  National  Mu- 
seum. The  material  is  tine  grained,  and  varies  in  color  from  black  to 
nearly  white,  many  of  them  being  of  a  Jadeite  green.  In  shape,  nearly 
all  of  them  belong  to  Evans's  third  class,  or  oval  sectioned,  and  the 
great  majority  resemble  his  figure  75  so  closely  that  I  feel  sure  he  is 
right  in  hesitating  to  believe  the  celt  figured  in  his  work  to  hav«'  been 
made  in  Scotland.  (Fig.  10.) — (Evans,  Stone  Imp.  p.  lis.  The  use 
to  which  these  polisiied  celts  was  put,  or,  more  correctly  speaking, 
the  manner  of  haftiug  them,  is  graphically  illustrated  in  the  accom- 
panying sketch  of  a  celt  inserted  in  a  mortise  in  a  handle  of  hard  red 
wood  and  found  in  a  cave  in  Caicos  or  Turk's  Island,  by  Mr.  George  J. 
Gibbs,  and  kindly  lent  by  him  to  be  cast  and  engraved.  (Fig.  11.) 
A  still  more  interesting  and  precious  relic,  from  the  same  locality,  and 
found  by  the  same  gentleman,  is  that  given  in  tignre  11',  which  lepre- 
sents  a  celt  in  the  handle,  the  whole  being  gracelnlly  eai  ved  out  oi  a 
single  piece  of  jadeite. 

A  beautiful  ax,  similarly  carved  from  a  single  piece,  is  liguied  and 
described  in  Jones's  Aboriginal  Remains  of  Tennessee. — (Smithsonian 
Contributions,  No.  259.) 

Those  interested  in  comparative  archaeology  will  take  great  |)lea.-:ire 
in  comparing  these  with  figures  91,  9-',  and  93,  of  Evans's  Ancient  Stone 
Implements.  This  mode  of  hafting  suggests  that  these  oval-sectioned 
celts,  set  in  their  handles  with  the  edge  in  a  line  with  the  halt,  were 
rather  battle-axes  than  industrial  tools,  although  this  is  mereconjectuie. 

The  celts  in  the  Latimer  collection  vary  in  se<'tion  from  circular  tooblong 
elliptical,  in  length  from  1.75  to  12  inches,  in  width  I'rom  .75  to  0.5 
inches.  The  chord  of  the  edge  is  often  oblique  to  the  axis  of  the  tone. 
Some  have  almost  semicircular  edges;  of  others  the  edge  is  nearly  a 
straight  line.  A  few  are  so  unique  as  to  deserve  esi)ecial  mention.  The 
figures  in  the  margin  represent,  throughout  this  i)aper,  the  number  of 
the  specimen  in  the  ethnological  collection  of  the  National  Museum. 

1G898.  A  large,  mottled,  greenish,  flat  celt,  pointed  at  the  butt,  frac- 
tured. Length  11.2,  width  6.5,  thickness  1.95  inches.  Mr.  Gibbs  also 
sends  drawings  of  two  large  flat  celts,  similar  to  this  one  and  the  three 
following,  irom  Turk's  and  Caicos  Islands.  The  occurrence  of  these 
large  polished  celts  over  so  wide  an  area,  corresponding  in  fact  tot  hat  of 
the  Caribs  in  Columbus's  day,  coupled  with  the  IVeqiu'nt  allusions  of 
Herrera,  Peter  Martyr,  and  others  to  dugout  canoes,  shai»e<l  like  trays, 
and  capable  of  holding  from  one  to  one  hundred  ami  fifty  persons,  hads 


374  THE    LATIMER    COLLECTION    OF    ANTIQUITIES. 

US  to  a  coujecture  as  to  their  use,  and  reminds  us  ot  the  Indians  of  the 
northwest  coast,  where  similar  crafts  are  still  made  with  stone  imj)le- 
ments.  Some  of  the  different  methods  of  hafting  are  illustrated  in  Dr. 
Charles  Rau's  work  on  the  archaftological  collection  in  the  National 
Museum.— (Smithsonian  Contributions,  No.  287,  Appendix.) 

15899.  A  large,  dark  bluish,  flat  celt,  with  the  butt  abruptly  rounded 
and  edged ;  thar  is  to  say,  both  ends  are  edged  nearly  alike.  The  sides 
are  quite  sharp  and  nearly  parallel;  length  9.34;  width  5.5,  and  thick- 
ness 1.75  inches.     Fig.  13. 

10900.  A  dark  slate-colored  flat  celt,  pointed  at  the  butt.  Length 
10.8,  width  5.2,  and  thickness  1  inch. 

1C9U1.  A  reddish-brown  flat  celt,  pointed  at  the  butt.  Length  9.5, 
width  5,  thickness  1.55  inches. 

There  is  a  flat  celt  in  the  collection  from  Guiana,  from  which  the  fore- 
goiug  large  celts  cannot  be  distinguished. 

16978.  A  small,  almost  cylindrical,  greenish-black  celt,  highly  polished, 
and  having  two  chisel  edges,  one  at  either  end. 

1G965.  A  small  polished  celt,  with  the  blade  very  much  expanded  at 
the  edge. 

10868.  A  dark  reddish  specimen,  rough  and  pecked  on  the  sides,  as 
if  to  aid  in  hafting. 

10974.  A  small  and  beautifully  polished,  nearly  cylindrical  celt,  edged 
at  both  ends,  but  the  edges  are  not  in  the  same  plane.     (Fig.  14.) 

16931.  A  dark-greenish  celt,  with  flat  sides,  and  the  butt  quite 
squarely  truncated.     (Fig.  15.) 

16938.  A  flat-sided  celt,  somewhat  resembling  No.  16931. 

16870.  This  specimen  has  a  rough  indentation  around  it,  as  if  to  aid 
in  hafting. 

8031  .A  large,  dark-red,  hatchet-shaped,  broad -edged  celt,  with  a 
deep  encircling  groove,  as  if  for  a  handle.  This  is  the  only  stone  celt  or 
ax  that  furnishes  a  clear  example  of  grooving  for  any  purpose.    (Fig.  1 6.) 

17039.  A  flat  paddie-shaped  stone,  grayish-white,  the  blade  circular, 
the  handle  slender  and  tapering.     (Fig.  17.) 

SMOOTHING  AND  SHARPENING  STONES. 

It  is  to  be  understood,  in  speaking  of  these  objects  as  smoothing- 
stones,  that  we  do  not  know  what  they  were  used  to  smooth,  or  whether 
they  were  used  for  any  such  purpose.  We  use  the  name  for  conveni- 
ence of  classification,  and  shall  readily  change  it  as  soon  as  their 
function  is  ascertained. 

17034.  A  polished  flat  stone,  subtriangular,  one  side  being  quite 
straight,  the  other  flaring  out  near  the  base.  The  lower  edge  is  slightly 
curved,  about  half  an  inch  wide,  and  exceedingly  smooth. 

17035.  This  is  very  similar  to  the  last  named,  but  the  sides  are  more 
symmetrical.     (Fig.  18.) 


\ 


r-it*' 


1 


Fig.  13. — Massive  polished  celt.    Nearly  ^. 


Fig.  14.— Two-ed^d  pclisbcd 
celt.     \. 


Fig.  1").— Flat-sided  trmicated  celt      { 


Fir..  IC).— (iioMVtd  r<lt.     i. 


I 


I 


Fia.  17.— Paddle-shaped  celt,    i 


Fig,  19.— Boot-sliaped  smootbing-stoue,    h 


Fig.  21. — Animal-shaped  stone  stool,    i. 


ETHNOLOGY.  375 

17036.  Similar  to  the  last  two.  but  more  tiiang;iilar ;  the  sides  are 
scarcely  curved. 

17037.  A  somewhat  pestle-shaped  specimen,  but  twisted  like  a  horn  ; 
the  shaft  is  crooked,  the  lowest  part  bulbous,  and  the  bottom  tolerably 
smooth.     Koufjher  than  the  foregoing. 

17038.  A  boot-shaped  specimen,  the  top  bent  forward  and  pointed, mid 
the  toe  coiled  ui)war(l.     It  is  somewhat  smooth  on  the  sole.     (Fig.  10.) 

17055-'57.  These  are  small  slender  stones,  such  as  are  called  whet- 
stoDes  or  sharpening  stones  by  writers  ou  stone  implements. 

MEALING   IMPLEMENTS. 

These  will  be  treated  of  as  the  upper  and  the  nether  millstone,  or  simply 
as  the  upper  and  the  lower  stone.  Tbey  are  nearly  or  quite  all  of  vol- 
canic material,  and  resemble  in  shape  and  wear  implements  used  for 
grinding  various  kinds  of  food  iu  Central  America.  Some  of  the  pestles 
stdl  have  a  burnished,  oily  appearance  on  the  lower  end,  as  if  caused  by 
the  preparation  of  chocolate,  for  whicb,  probably,  many  of  them  were 
employed.  The  various  vegetable  substances  used  by  the  natives  of  the 
West  Indies  are  given  in  Herrera,  aud  are  referred  to  frequently  in 
living's  Columbus.  These  stones  are  so  characteristic  of  this  region 
that  I  will  describe  each  one  briefly. 

Upper  stone. 

17031.  A  short  bell-shaped  pestle,  having  a  double  ridge  and  an  in- 
tervening furrou  around  the  upper  end. 

17032.  A  rough  bell-shaped  pestle,  with  a  rude  human  face  on  the 
top.  Precisely  similar  ones  are  found  iu  San  Domingo,  (Flint  Chips, 
pp.  227,  230,  231 ;)  but,  in  many  cases,  the  human  lace  is  rejjiaced  by 
the  head  of  an  animal.     (Fig.  20.) 

17040.  A  light-yellowish  stone,  in  the  shape  of  a  cross,  probably  a 
worn-out  pestle.     The  top  is  notched. 

17060.  A  small  almost-cylindrical  pestle. 

17067.  A  conoid,  oblong  pestle. 

17068.  A  \^vy  small  conoid  pestle,  1.5  in.  in  height. 

17073.  A  napiform  muller,  side  cylindrical ;  diameter  4  in.,  height 
1.5  in. 

17074.  An  oblong  flat  stone,  resembling  a  muller,  and  having  a  groove 
all  around  the  side  like  a  hat  brush. 

77110.  A  massive,  light-colored,  polished  limestone  pestle ;  the  base 
is  almost  cylindrical,  but  the  upper  part  is  a  four-sided  prism. 

Lower  stone. 

17061.  A  small,  hemispherical,  bowl  shaped  mortar,  with  a  swelling 
or  prominence  at  one  point  on  the  rim. 

17062.  A  small,  oblong,  dish-shaped  mortar,  deeply  concave. 


37G  THK  latimp:r  collection   of  antiquities. 

170(J3.  A  boatsbiipiHl  mortar  or  dish,  sharp  at  each  end,  deeply  con- 
cavr.  A  vt-ry  beautiful  and  miiqiio  specimen.  Length  16.5  in.,  width  8.2 
in.,  height  4.75  in. 

17004.  A   semi  ovoid,  dec|»ly  concave,  tray-shaped   mortur,   17  by  11 

inches. 

I7UG5.  Small  cup-shaped  mortar,  similar  to  the  p-iint  mortars  from  the 
I'nitcd  States.  Herrera  repeatedly  mentions  the  painting  of  their 
bodi.'s  blacU,  white,  and  red  by  the  Indians  of  the  West  Indies. 

17077.  A. small  four-legged  metate,  slightly  dished  in  the  middle,  butflat- 
boitomcd.  This  specimen  resembles  Fig.  8,  on  page  229  of  Flint-Chips, 
and  may  have  been  a  stool,  the  wavy  elevated  rim  precluding  the  use  of  a 
midler,and  a  tiat  bottom  rendering  the  use  of  apestle  quite  improbable. 
1  shall  speak  of  this  subject  more  fully  a  little  fui  tber  on. 

I707S.  .\  massive  three  legged  metate,  of  a  porous,  dark,  volcanic 
stone.  It  is  slightly  sagged  and  depressed  on  one  edge,  and  elevated  at 
one  end.  They  have  a  backward  slant,  so  as  to  resist  the  pressure  of 
the  person  operating  at  the  higher  end.  Length  of  slab  21  inches, 
width  14  inches. 

17070.  A  massive  three-legged  metate,  similar  to  the  foregoing,  but 
the  surface  is  nearer  a  plane.    The  dimensions  are  the  same. 

STOOLS. 

The  single  specimen  under  this  head,  (No.  1707G,)  Fig.  21,  has  been 
clas.sed,  hitherto,  with  metates.  It  is  a  thin  and  deeply-sagged  slab  of 
grayish  .sandstone,  and  staudson  four  short  legs.  Atthe  less  elevated  end 
three  projections  are  neatly  carved  to  represent  the  head  and  fore-feet 
of  a  turtle.  The  eyes  are  deeply  sunken  as  if  for  the  insertion  of  pearls 
or  jewels.  The  higher  end  is  abruptly  elevated  about  six  inches,  and  is 
crossed  l)y  a  band  ornamented  with  a  scroll  which  occurs  with  certain 
moil  ideations  on  other  objects.  There  is  a  decided  warping  or  twist  in 
the  upper  surface,  the  ornamentation  of  which,  as  suggested  by  Dr. 
Kau,  renders  the  idea  of  its  having  been  a  metate  doubtful.  In  Fig. 
22  another  view  is  given  of  the  stool,  which  shows  some  of  its  char- 
acters to  better  advantage.  The  following  quotation  from  Stei)hens's 
translation  of  Herrera  (Herrera,  Stephens's  Translation,  i,  55)  fully  es- 
tablishes its  use  :  "  When  ihe  ship  was  ready  to  sail  (from  Cuba)  the 
Spaniards  returned  on  the  5th  of  November  with  three  of  the  native  lu- 
dian.s,  saying  they  had  traveled  twenty  two  leagues  and  found  a  village 
of  tilty  liouses,  and  that  they  contained  about  1,000  persons,  because 
a  whole  generation  lived  in  a  house ;  and  that  the  prime  men  came  out 
to  meet  them,  led  them  by  the  arms,  and  lodged  them  in  one  of  the  new 
houses,  cauaiiKj  them  to  nit  down  on  seats  made  of  a  solid  pieee  of  wood  in  the 
shape  of  a  beast  with  very  short  legs  and  the  tail  held  up,  the  head  before  with 
eijCK  and  ears  of  gold,  and  that  all  the  Indians  sat  about  them  on  the 
ground."    This  object  being  of  stone,  there  might  still  have  been  room 


Fig.  23.— Wooden  stool  from  a  cave  iu  Tmk'«  jind  Caiccw  Inlands. 


^ 


Fig.  25.— Upper  view  of  Fig.  24 
restored.    ^. 


Fig.  ..:i).— 


'VI"  JT/  ^'ll^,  ,|j'iifffii*' 


nppe;  pan  of  Fig"  S!"'!.""  '^'        ^^'*'-  ^^-Head-ornament  of  Fig.  24.    J. 


f 


ETHNOLOGY.  377 

for  donbt  but  for  the  timely  arrival  of  coiifiiniatory  evidence  while  the 
engraving  was  being  executed.  Prol.  William  M.  (iabb  has  sent  to  tlu» 
National  Museum,  with  the  joint  compliments  of  himself  and  Mr.  1).  \i. 
Frith,  of  Turk's  and  Caicos  Islands,  two  wooden  stools,  (ncsimiirs  (tf 
those  spoken  ot  in  Ilerrera.  (Figs.  L'.'i  and  L'4.)  Fig.  L*.")  is  an  attempt 
to  restore  Fig.  24,  which  has  been  miitil.ited,  not  by  the  todth  «)l 
time,  but  by  the  hatt;Iiet  of  the  vandal.  Tliese  objects  are  made 
of  a  veiy  hard  dark  wood,  and  are  just  fitted  to  an  oidinai>  man 
when  reclining  as  in  a  hammock,  from  which  the  patttrn  ol  a  stcinl  is 
possibly  derived.  These  two  specimens  were  Ibund  in  a  ca\e.  J'he 
stone  stool  described  above  is  a  fac-simile,  except  in  size,  of  those  sent 
by  Professor  Gabb,  the  scrolled  ornamental  band  acro.ss  the  stone  stool 
being  represented  in  one  of  the  wooden  ones  by  an  elaborate  .scroll- 
work in  relief.  The  mathematical  accuracy  in  this  and  other  drawings 
is  no  exaggeration  of  the  originals.  In  th«'  wooden  objects,  as  in  the 
stone  one,  the  eyes  excavated  for  precious  stones  are  plainly  visible, 
but  the  jewels  are  wanting.  (Figs.  2G,  27,  and  2S.)  I'^ig.  20  is  the 
tail  ornament  of  Fig.  23,  and  is  somewhat  ettaced.  I'igs.  27  and  28 
are  the  head  ornament  and  scrolled  band  of  Fig.  24.  The  use  of 
these  stools  of  state  is  frequently  mentioned  by  the  historians  ot  the 
voyages  of  Columbus.  (Irving's  Columbus,  i,  194,  234.)  One  of  the 
provinces  of  Cuba  paid  tribute  in  then).  (Stephens's  Ilerrera,  i,  03,  74.) 
Especial  thanks  are  due  to  Professor  Gabb  and  Mr.  Frith  for  the  timely 
opportunity  of  illustrating  what  was  previously  a  rather  dark  text  to 
me. 

SPHEROIDAL  AND   DISCOIDAL   STONES. 

It  is  impossible  to  tell  the  uses  to  which  these  stones  were  put. 
It  is  something  to  know  that  they  show  signs  of  use,  and  testify  that  in 
the  Antilles,  as  elsewhere  in  the  world,  nature  has  gently  led  her  child- 
ren by  the  hand,  furnishing  them  with  their  simplest  im])lements  ready- 
made,  and  thereby  imparting  the  first  lessons  of  civilization. 

17040.  A  small  kidney-shaped  pebble,  with  natural  perforations. 

17034.  A  small  egg-shaped  bowlder,  similar  to  those  used  by  the  Da- 
kota Indians  in  their  flail-like  war  clubs. 

17058.  A  spindle-shaped  pebble,  covered  with  a  deposit  of  iron.  It 
seems  to  have  been  used  in  grinding  paint. 

17009.  A  spherical  stone,  diameter  3.0  inches. 

17070.  A  similar  stone,  2,75  inches  in  diameter. 

17071.  A  rough  spheroidal  stone. 

17072.  A  discoidal  granite  pebble. 

17131.  A  massive  spheroidal  stone,  diameters  8.95  and  10.2  inches.  A 
small  i)erforated  disk  of  soft  material  like  soapstone,  and  carved  to  re- 
semble the  spindle-whorls  found  in  various  countries  is  shown  in  Fig.  29. 

BEADS. 

17042.  An  oblong  syenite  bead,  not  perforated. 

17043.  A  similar  bead  to  the  foregoing.     The  hole  not  coining  oui  as 


378  THE    LATIMER    COLLECTION    OF    ANTIQUITIES. 

designed,  a  Second  perforation  was  attempted.  This  is  a  fine  specimen 
of  perloration,  2 A  by  1  inch.     (Fig.  .'^0.) 

imu.  A  small  oblong  bead,  unfinisbed,  showiug  the  striae  ot  the 
preliminary  grinding. 

17or»:{.  A  string  of  seventy  suiall  chalcedony  beads,  about  the  size  of 
I)eas.  They  are  «piite  perfectly  rounded  and  perforated— some  of  them  la 
two  ilirections.  This  is  the  most  remarkable  sample  of  aboriginal  stone 
polishing  and  drilling  that  has  ever  come  under  the  observation  of  the 
writer.  It  is  exceedingly  doubtful  whether  another  collection  of  so  many 
witnesses  to  savage  patience  and  skill  has  been  found  anywhere  in  one 
specimen.  We  are  here  reminded  of  the  '-eight  hundred  beads  of  a 
ceriain  stone  called  ciba,  given  by  Guacanagari  to  Columbus  on  his 
second  voyage." 

1705U-'G(».  Slender  cylinders  of  quartz,  5.5  by  .6  inches. 

AMULETS  AND   STONE   IMAGES. 

\'('iy  little  is  knowi!  of  the  religion  of  the  Indians  living  on  these 
isliinds.  Ilerrera  mentions  that  asailorof  Columbus  reported  the  seeing 
of  a  man  with  a  white  tunic  down  to  his  feet  on  the  island  of  Cuba, 
(Stephens's  Uerrera,  i,  131,)  and  that  an  old  Indian  reported  a  cacique 
of  a  certain  island  who  was  clad  like  one  of  the  Catholic  priests. 
(Ste|)hens's  Ilerrera,  i,  134.)  Two  chapters  (Herrera,  Dec.  1,  Book  iii, 
chap.  3,  4,)  are  devoted  to  the  customs  and  worship  of  the  Caribs,  but 
little  light  shines  from  them  upon  our  stone  images.  As  in  many  other 
instances,  an  accurate  description  may  prove  to  be  thekey  of  the  enigma. 

17(147.  A  small  lizard-like  figure  of  a  black  slaty  material.  The  head 
and  tail  are  broken  otf;  the  feet  are  doubled  against  the  body,  repre- 
sented as  covered  with  scales.  Frequent  references  are  made  to  lizards 
and  alligators  in  the  old  chronicles.     (Fig.  31.) 

17048,  '49,  and  '50.  Small  kneeling  figures  m;ide  of  white  marble.  The 
aitiis  and  legs  are  represented  as  pinioned  back  and  the  shoulder-blades 
aie  ])erlbrated  for  suspension.  These  and  the  two  following  seem  to 
have  been  worn  as  amulets.     (Fig.  32.) 

17051.  A  small  kneeling  human  figure,  having  the  back  of  the  neck 
perforated.  The  face  is  that  of  an  animal,  although  it  is  somewhat  mu- 
tilate<l  and  indistinct.     (Fig.  33.) 

1705L'.  A  small  erect  human  figure  of  green  jadelike  material,  per- 
forate<l  through  the  head  from  ear  to  ear.     (Fig.  34.) 

The  inhabitants  of  Hispauiola,  on  the  authority  of  Friar  Eoman,  (Ir- 
ving's  Columbus,  1, 390,)  had  small  images  of  their  gods  which  they  bound 
about  their  foreheads  when  they  went  to  battle. 

The  larger  stone  images  or  pillar-stones  seem  to  be  out  of  place,  when 
ranged  by  the  side  of  the  elaborate  polished  objects.  They  are  strikingly 
similar  in  rudeness  an<l  in  general  design  to  some  brought  from  Central 
America  by  the  IJon.  E.  G.  Squier.  The  only  feature  that  seems  to  rise 
above  the  most  savage  simplicity  of  design  is  the  fact  that  in  some  of 


Fig.  '28. — Scrolled  oniaiiient  in  relief  of  Fifr.  24.     ^. 


Fig.  '29.— Uisk-sliaped 
eaived  stoue.     f . 


Fig.  30.— Perforated 
bead.     J. 


Fig.  31. — Li/ard-shapt-d 
Ainnlet.     |. 


I'^IG.  32. — Amulet  of 
niarhle.     f. 


% 

f 

V 

1 

,,JS 

^k, 

^ 

■i    M 

1  ^ 

kJ 

T   ? 

iJ 

\l 

1 

,lH«(t»«W*'**''^J 


Fig.  33  — Anmlft.     J. 


Fig.  34.  — Amulet  of 
greenish  stone.  \. 


I 
I* 


ETHNOLOGY.  379 

liose  from  both  districts  a  huinari  face  is  carved  on  the  stomach  of  iho 
iiiiian  figure  re[)r(\sented  by  the  whole  stone.  Accorditifx  to  Friar 
iornan,  ((jnoted  in  Irvinjij's  Cobiiiibiis,  1,390,)  each  cacique  had  a  t<'ini)l(' 
r  house  apart  where  an  image  of  his  Zemi,  or  tutelary  deity,  «-arvcd  of 

loixl  or  stone,  or  shai)ed  of  clay  or  cotton,  generally  in  some  nMnisiious 

(II  Ml,  was  preserved. 
17125.  An  irregular  slab,  having  a  rude  face  in  relief  on  one  side. 

M'\eu  parallel  lines  extend  from  the  chin  downward,  as  if  to  imitate  a 

)tird;  16.1  by  7.5  inches. 
17I2G.  A  fish-shaped  bowlder,  28.5  inches  long.     On  the  narrow  end 

s  ;i  sitting  human  figure,  having  the  hands  clas|)ed  under  the  chin  and 

he  leet  doubled  up  with  the  soles  together.     On  the  stomach  is  a  circle, 

;eeining  to  have  been  designed  to  represent  a  human  face. 

1 7127.  A  boot  shaped  slab,  on  the  broad  end  of  which  is  a  rude  human 
a(  e,  crowned  with  a  chevroned  band  across  the  forehead. 

17128.  An  irregular  kite  shaped  slab,  bearing  on  one  side  a  human 
ace.  On  the  right  side  of  the  face  are  two  hierogly[)hic  marks,  the  one 
II  the  shape  of  a  heart,  and  the  other  resembling  a  cleaver  with  two 

^mall  furrows  running  from  the  edge.  Now  and  then  a  heart-shaped 
stone  implement  turns  up  in  our  collection;  but  we  are  not  to  suppose 
that  the  American  aborigines  used  this  to  symbolize  the  human  heart 
itself  or  the  domain  of  Cupid. 

17129.  A  rude  slab  of  yellow  stone,  28.5  by  i3  to  10  by  G  inches.  On 
the  flat  lace  is  a  human  figure  very  roughly  furrowed  out,  bearing  on 
its  stomach  an  inverted  face.  On  the  top  of  the  slab  a  circle  is  furrowed 
out.  The  carving  on  this  and  the  foregoing  slabs  was  apparently  done 
by  pecking  out  the  depressions  with  stone  chisels,  leaving  the  eyebrows, 
nose,  and  lips  in  intaglio. 

17132.  An  ingenious  figure  of  a  hun«au  female  head  and  breasts  in 
coral ;  the  natural  spheroidal  swellings  on  the  material  forming  the  head 
and  breasts. 

17142,  A  stalactite  bearing  a  rude  carving  of  a  human  face. 

17150.  A  fragment  of  a  pillar-stone,  the  face  of  a  man  deeply  carved 
in  its  surface. 

17281.  A  rude  pillar-stone,  41  inches  in  height,  the  upper  part  being 
a  kneeling  figure  with  its  face  upturned,  its  huge  mouth  open,  and  its 
hands  clasped  under  the  chin.     Two  circles  are  carved  on  the  back. 

MAMMIFORM  S  J  ONES. 

These  strange  and  beautiful  objects  present,  in  more  than  one  half  of 
the  specimens,  the  image  of  a  human  figure  lying  ou  the  stomach, 
with  the  face  more  or  less  upturned,  the  mouth  open,  and  the  coun- 
tenance wearing  a  tortured  look.  The  other  end  of  the  stone  rep- 
resents the  lower  extremities  of  the  bi)dy,  so  doubled  up  as  to  expose 
the  soles  of  the  feet  against  the  rump.  Ou  the  back  of  the  pros- 
trate form   is  a  conoid   i)rominence,  beautiiully  rounded   up,  straight 


:JSU  the    LATIMER    COLLECTION    OF    ANTIQUITIES. 

or  slislitiy  concave  io  outline  in  front,  a  little  convex  in  the  rear, 
Hwellinjr  out  on  one  side  slightly  more  than  on  the  other,  and  descending 
more  oi'li'ss  lower  than  the  top  of  the  head  and  of  the  rump  so  as  to 
lonn  anterior  and  posterior  furrows.  The  whole  appearance  cannot  fail 
to  r.'inind  the  student  of  the  legend  of  Typhoeus  killed  by  Jupiter  with 
a  llasii  of  lightning,  and  buried  beneath  Mount  Mtua.  Though  uo  onej 
could  usi-  this  reseniblance  as  an  argument  in  favor  of  early  comiuuui-^ 
cation  between  the  Greeks  and  the  primitive  people  of  Porto  Kico,  yet 
the  Typhoean  legend  has  been  found  in  many  lauds,  and  it  is  quite  possi-' 
sil.U'  that  a  similar  myth  may  have  been  devised  in  various  places  to  ac- 
count for  volcanic  or  nu)iintainoiis  pheiiomena.  The  Antilles  are  all  of 
volcanic  origin,  as  the  material  of  our  stone  implements  plainly  shows. 
I  am  indebted  to  Prof.  S.  F.  Baird  for  the  suggestion  that,  from  the  sea, 
the  island  of  Porto  Ptico  rises  in  an  abrupt  and  symmetrical  manner, 
highly  suggestive  of  the  mound  in  the  mammiform  stones,  so  that 
with  the  aid  of  a  little  imagination  we  may  see  in  these  objects  the 
genius  of  Porto  Rico  in  the  figure  of  a  man,  a  parrot,  an  alligator,  an 
all)atross,  or  some  other  animal  precious  ill  these  regions  where  larger 
animals  are  not  abundant,  supporting  the  island  on  its  back.  The  Ty-  , 
phoean  figure  undergoes  many  raodiiications  in  the  series  examined,  and; 
doubtless,  if  the  specimens  in  other  collections  could  be  placed  by  the 
side  of  these,  many  more  interesting  results  could  be  reached.  The 
human  face  is  often  replaced  by  the  head  of  a  V)ird  or  of  some  other  ani- 
mal, but  the  feet  when  distinguishable  are  always  human.  The  bottom 
of  the  stone  is  in  striking  contrast  with  the  upper  surface.  While  the 
latter  is  nearly  always  exquisitely  polished,  the  former  is  always  very 
rough,  either  from  use  or  never  having  been  finished.  The  bottom  is 
sometimes  tla  ,  sometimes  convex,  but  most  frequently  sagged  u])  in 
the  middle  and  hollowed  out  into  a  cymbiform  cavity.  In  such  cases 
the  object  rests  unsteadily  upon  the  chin  and  knees,  the  under  side  of 
which  is  polished  by  wear.  In  quite  a  number  of  them  the  prostrate  man 
cannot  be  clearly  made  out,  his  head  and  lower  extremities  being  [)re- 
seuted  by  simple  swellings  or  knobs.  A  variety  of  details  is  noticeable, 
which  will  a|)pear  in  the  following  description  of  the  objects,  since  I  have 
been  unable  to  find  two  precisely  alike. 

lOlKSO.  A  highly  polished  specimen  of  marble.  There  is  a  wide  head- 
band across  the  forehead  of  the  figure,  ornamented  with  chevrons  and 
hemispherical  cavities.  The  right  side  is  the  fuller,  the  bottom  concave 
and  rough,  and  the  apex  slightly  battered.  This  battering  is  doubtless 
an  accident,  as  none  of  the  others  exhibit  it.  Length  10.3,  width  4.5, 
height  5.3  inches.     (Fig.  35.) 

UJ'.ISI.  This  specimen  is  of  a  light-bluish  material.  The  head  and 
breast  of  an  albatross  replace  the  human  head.  On  either  side  of  the 
breast  and  on  either  side  of  the  front  of  the  mamma  is  a  cup-cutting. 
The  furrows  at  the  base  of  the  mamma  in  the  front  and  rear  are  wide 
and  deep.  The  bottom  is  warped  up  and  hollowed  out.  Length  11.95, 
width  4.5,  and  height  4.9  inches.     (Fig.  36.) 


I 


Fig.  35. — Mammiform  stone,  with  human  face.     About  ^. 


Fig.  36. — Maunniform  stone,  with  tlie  bead  of  a  s^ea-bird.     i- 


'^^Jii.rif- 


Fig  37 — M  immiloini  stom  ,  upiiiT  view,  greatl\   warped.     J-. 


Fig.  3S  — NKunmiloim  stone, 
tiont  \  ic\\      i 


1  IG    $9. — Mammiform  stone,  ujiper  view.    i. 


ETHNOLOGY.  3yi 

16982.  This  specimen  is  of  a  dark  volcanic  material.  The  fuce  and 
feet  are  both  well  tnrncd  up.  The  anterior  and  the  posterior  furrows  are 
deep,  the  left  side  bulged  out,  and  the  bottom  slightly  hollowed. 
Length  11.6,  width  4.3,  and  height  5.65  inches.     (Fig.  37.) 

16983.  A  rough  specimen  made  of  dark  volcanic  stone.  The  lu-ad  and 
feet  are  close  to  the  mamma,  leaving  very  slight  intervening  furrows. 
The  bottom  is  hollowed  out.  Length  7.3,  width  3.G,  and  height  3.7 
inches. 

16984.  A  large  specimen,  made  of  white  marble.  Across  the  forehead 
is  a  chevroned  band,  the  triangular  spaces  of  the  chevrons  l)eing  tilled 
with  straight  lines  parallel  to  the  lines  of  the  chevron  consecutively. 
The  right  side  is  fuller  than  the  left,  ami  the  bottom  slightly  hollowed. 
Length  12.3,  width  5.9,  and  height  6.35  inches. 

16985.  A  dark  volcanic  stone,  broken.  The  head  has  a  high  ridge 
running  above  the  forehead,  making  a  deep  furrow  between  it  and  the 
mamma.  The  bottom  is  quite  flat.  Length  11.1,  width  5.5,  ami  height 
7.7  inches. 

16986.  A  rough  specimen,  made  of  volcanic  stone.  The  face  and  feet 
are  much  flattened  out,  and  the  anterior  and  i)osterior  furrow  are  broad 
and  shallow.  The  left  side  is  fuller  than  the  right.  The  mamma  is 
slightly  winged,  or  angular,  on  the  sides,  front,  and  rear.  The  bottom 
is  nearly  flat,  and  very  rough.     Length  8,  width  3  55,  height  li.S  inches. 

16987.  A  dark-colored  specimen,  of  volcanic  material.  The  head  is 
grotesque  and  high-ridged,  making  the  front  furrow  deep.  Across  the 
thighs  is  a  chevroned  band.  The  feet  are  twisted  around  so  as  to  bring 
the  toes  against  the  rump.  The  right  side  is  fuller  than  the  left.  The 
bottom  is  warped  up  and  hollowed  out.  There  are  four  shallow  cylin- 
drical depressions  on  the  mamma  on  a  level  with  the  furrows,  one  on 
either  side  of  the  anterior  and  posterior  portions.  Length  11.65,  width 
4.6,  height  4.05  inches.     (Pig.  38.) 

16989.  A  very  smooth  bluish-gray  specimen.  The  head  resembles 
that  of  a  parrot,  and  there  is  a  perforation  through  the  beak.  The 
thighs  of  the  prostrate  figure  are  ornamented  with  chevrons  and  dotted 
circles.  The  right  side  is  fuller  than  the  left,  and  the  bottom  elevated 
and  hollowed  out.  Length  6.85,  width  3,  height  3  inches.  Although 
this  is  a  very  smooth  specimen,  the  difl'erent  style  of  illustration  adopted 
by  the  artist  exaggerates  this  feature  unduly,  in  comparison  with  others 
which  are  hatched  in  the  engraving.     (Fig.  39.) 

16990.  A  polished  spettimen,  made  of  mottled  black  and  white  maible. 
The  head  and  posterior  portion  are  very  much  flattened  out,  making  the 
furrows  long  and  shallow.  The  left  side  is  fuller  than  the  right,  and  the 
bottom  is  elevated  nearly  an  inch,  and  hollowed  out.  Length  10.75, 
width  4.3,  height  4.1  inches. 

16991.  A  rough  volcanic  stone.  The  human  figure  is  not  visible  iu 
this  specimen,  the  ends  being  simple  knobs,  between  which  and  the  base 
of  the  mamma  there  are  slight  furrows.     The  bottom  is  flat.     If  we  were 


382  THE    LATIMER    COLLECTION    OF    ANTIQUITIES. 

looking  tor  the  evolution  of  higher  from  lower  forms,  this  stoue  would] 
typifv  the  lowest  grade,  or  possibly  the  starting-point  in  the  departure 
from  a  conical  implement.     Length  7.9,  width  3.4,  and  height  4.2  inches. 

1(;9P2.  A  light-bluish  specimen.  The  head  and  feet  are  quite  clowse  to 
the  mamma,  making  the  furrows  narrow  and  shallow.  The  right  side  is 
fulh'r  than  the  lelt,  and  the  bottom  smooth.  Length  8.2,  width  4, 
height  4.45  inches. 

1  (5094.  A  dark,  mottled,  volcanic  stone.  The  face  has  been  very  much 
battered  by  time.  There  is  an  elevated  baud  across  the  forehead,  mak- 
ing the  furrows  narrow  and  deep.  The  right  side  is  iiiller  than  the  left, 
and  the  bottom  elevated  and  hollowed  out.  Length  7.95,  width  3.5, 
hiMght  4  inches. 

1G(J95.  A  light-blue  volcanic  stone.  The  furrows  are  almost  wanting, 
and,  as  in  a  specimen  previously  mentioned,  the  feet  are  reveised.  The 
bottom  is  very  roughly  hollowed  out.  Length  5.6,  width  2.4,  height 
3.6  inches. 

16996.  This  specim.en  is  made  of  yellowish  white  marble.  The  fur- 
rows are  broad  and  shallow.  The  right  side  is  fuller  than  the  left,  and 
the  bottom  hollow.  The  plane  of  the  bottom  is  also  twisted  or  warped, 
due  probably  to  the  origiual  form  of  the  stone.  Length  10  8,  width 
4.6,  height  4.55  inches. 

16998.  A  dark  volcanic  specimen.  The  head-band  abuts  on  the  mam- 
ma, leaving  a  very  slight  furrow  in  front,  but  the  posterior  furrow  is 
deeper.  On  the  sides  of  the  mamma  are  cup  cuttings.  The  bottom  is 
elevated  and  hollow.     Length,  6.15,  width  3.2,  height  2.7  inches. 

170U0.  Of  mottled  marble.  The  head  resembles  that  of  a  hog  or  pec- 
cary, but  is  grotesque.  The  feet  are  human  ;  the  furrows  are  broad  and 
deep ;  the  left  side  is  fuller  than  the  right,  and  the  bottom  is  deeply 
hollowed.     Length  12.55,  width  5.5.  and  height  5.3  inches.     (Fig.  40.) 

17001.  A  smooth  specimen,  made  of  volcanic  material.  The  furrows 
are  broad  and  deep,  the  right  side  swelled  out,  and  the  bottom  elevated 
and  hollow.     Length  8  55,  width  4.15,  height  4.4  inches. 

17002.  A  rough  specimen,  made  of  marble.  The  furrows  are  narrow 
and  shallow,  the  left  side  full,  the  bottom  elevated  and  slightly  hollowed. 
This  specimen  is  much  weather  worn.  Length  8.5,  width  4,  height  4.6 
inches. 

17003.  A  fine  specimen,  made  of  white  marble.  The  face  is  well  exe- 
cuted, the  head-band  being  wide  and  ornamented  with  cup-cuttings  and 
frets.  The  feet  are  broken  off.  Instead  of  a  cymbiform  cavity  in  the 
bottom,  there  is  a  deep  cup-cutting,  around  the  border  of  which  is  a 
I»erfectly  circular  furrow.  This  object  has  been  battered  by  secondary 
use  as  a  pestle.  The  dimensions  are  estimated.  Length  12.8,width  4.4, 
height  3.75  inches. 

17004.  Of  a  rough  volcanic  material.  The  head  resembles  that  of  a 
hog  or  peccary.  The  furrows  are  deep.  There  are  two  deep  cup  cuttings 
at  the  feet.  The  left  side  is  full  and  the  bottom  elevated.  Length  9.65, 
width  4.4,  height  3.5  inches. 


/■ 


^^ 


I'lG.  10. — .Maimiulonii  stone,  quarter  viisw.     J. 


^■n  -"fa^r'iT^f^ 


li(i.  II.— Mauiniitorm  intone  with  owl- 
.sliiil^'d  head.     ^. 


Fig.  42. — Highly-poli8h(d  niarunii- 
form  htoue.     i. 


L 


u 


Fui.  4:i. — Maiiimiroiin  stone  with  FiG.  44. — Mainniiloini  .>tone,  AMth  alligator 


liog-likt-  ornament.     |. 


head.     i. 


Fig.  4.'). — Head  of  a  niamniiforni  stoue,       FiG.  46. — Foot  of  a  mauinjiform  stone, 
upper  view.     About  ^.  upper  view.     i. 


ETHNOLOGY.  388 

17005.  A  dark  specimen,  of  volcanic  material.  Tlio  head  rosomblea 
that  of  an  owl  or  parrot.  The  furrows  arc  <lccp,  tlir  li^^lit  sicU'  full,  and 
the  bottom  flat.     Length  4.95,  width  2.9,  height  H.Oo.     (Fig.  41.) 

17006.  A  dark  specimen,  of  volcanic  material.  The  head  n'scmhlcs 
that  of  11  parrot.  The  furrows  are  broa<l  ami  shallow.  The  left  side  is 
full,  the  bottom  slightly  elevated  and  hollow.  Lcngtli  (»..'{,  widih  li.55, 
height  2.95  inches. 

17007.  A  smooth  reddish  specimen,  of  volcanic  material.  Tin'  head 
is  like  that  of  u  peccary-.  The  furrows  are  wide  and  sliallow.  tlie  left 
side  full,  and  the  bottom  well  elevated  and  deeply  hollowed.  Length 
11.35,  width  5.2,  height  4.8  inches. 

1700S.  Alight-colored  specimen,  of  volcanic  material.  The  Iniiows 
are  wide  and  deep,  and  the  bottom  hollow.  The  length  10.9,  width  5.3. 
height  5.5  inches. 

17009.  A  small  mottled  specimen,  of  dark  volcanic  stone.  The  lace  is 
slashed  with  deep  lines.  The  furrows  are  deep,  the  right  side  lull,  and 
the  bottom  pecked  in  the  middle  and  worn  quite  sD)ooth  at  the  ends. 
Length  5.8,  width  2.1,  height  2.2  inches. 

17010.  A  highly  polished  specimen,  made  of  a  dark  green  stone,  similar 
to  the  material  of  the  most  beautiful  celts.  The  ends  and  top  taper  out 
finger-like.  The  human  face  is  carved  on  the  front  of  the  mamma. 
The  bottom  is  elevated  and  roughened,  but  not  hollowed.  This  is  a 
highly  finished  and  unique  specimen,  departing  quite  widely  from  the 
typical  form,  and  resembling  no  other  in  the  collection.     (Fig.  4-'.) 

17011.  A  curious  specimen,  made  of  mottled  flinty  limestone.  The 
projecting  ends  are  entirely  wanting.  The  front  of  the  mamma  or  cone 
exhibits  a  grotesque  huuiau  face.  The  rear  is  carved  to  represent  a 
frog,  whose  nose  forms  the  apex  of  the  stone,  and  whose  back  and  hind 
legs,  drawn  up,  fill  the  remaining  surface.  The  fore  legs  pass  down  the 
sides  of  the  cheeks  and  under  the  lower  jaw  of  the  human  face  in  iront. 
This  is  truly  a  marvel  of  aboriginal  art,  and  may  be  set  down  as  the 
best  specimen  of  this  class  in  the  collection.     (Fig.  43.) 

17012.  A  small  specimen,  of  white  marble.  The  grotesque  head 
resembles  that  of  an  alligator.  The  feet,  as  usual,  are  human.  The 
thighs  are  ornamented  with  chevrons  and  cir(;lcs.  The  furrow^  are 
narrow  and  shallow,  the  left  side  lull,  the  bottom  unusually  cymbiform. 
Length  4.85,  width  2,  height  2.75  inches.     (Fig.  44.) 

17013.  A  small  smooth  specimen,  of  yellowish  marble.  This  is  a 
very  plain  object,  without  carvings  of  any  kind.  Length  2.75,  width 
1.35,  height  2.3  inches. 

17014.  A  small  rough  specimen,  of  mottled  volcanic  material.  The 
feet  are  broken  ofi".  The  furrows  are  shallow,  and  the  bottom  hollowed 
out.     Length  3.6,  width  1.75*  height  2.05  inches. 

17015.  Head  pf  a  mamilorm  stone,  of  volcanic  material. 

17017.  The  head  of  a  mamnuform  stone,  of  white  marble.  The  head- 
band is  ornamented  with  chevrons  and  three  cup  cuttings.     This  was 


384  THE    LATIMER    COLLECTION    OF    ANTIQUITIES.      . 

undonbtiHlly  a  very  beautiful  implement.     (Fig.  45.)    The  absence  of] 
duplicates  in  such  a  large  collection  is  somewhat  striking,  and  yet  testi- 
lifs  to  the  richness  of  fancy  in  the  artists.     This  tigure,  however,  is] 
almost  identical  in  material,  physiognomy,  and  the  shape  and  orna- 
mentation of  the  head  band,  with  the  head  of  number  17003. 

ITOIS.  The  foot  of  a  marble  mammiform  stone.  The  feet  are  finely 
exi)ressed;  indeed,  they  are  the  best-looking  pair  of  feet  in  the  whole 
lot.  The  thighs  are  ornamented  with  chevrons  and  cup-cuttings.  This 
niiiy  have  been  the  foot  of  the  object  to  which  the  foregoing  number 
w:is  the  head,  or  more  probably  to  the  broken  specimen  described  as  No. 
17003.    If  not,  it  is  a  relic  of  a  very  finely  wrought  implement.    (Fig. 

4(5.) 

MASKS. 

ii  ic4uiit>  ii  slight  stretch  of  the  imagination  to  call  the  objects 
indiuled  in  this  class  masks.  The  only  ground  upon  which  we  do  so  is 
their  resemblance  to  many  of  the  false-faces  or  masks  worn  in  panto- 
ujimes.  These,  of  course,  never  could  have  had  any  such  use.  Three 
ot  them  are  somewhat  similar  to  the  objects  just  described.  The 
bottoms  are  hollowed  out,  there  are  furrowed  depressions  at  the  base  of 
the  prominence,  and  the  mammiform  elevation  is  grotesquely  observed, 
being  replaced  by  a  face,  the  Aztek  nose  forming  the  apex  of  the  stone. 
The  Typhoean  figure  is  sometimes  present. 

17i>88.  Mask  of  gray  volcanic  material.  The  head  and  foot  are 
simple  knobs.  The  forehead  and  cheeks  are  furrowed  and  the  bottom 
elevated  and  very  hollowed.  Length  8.65,  width  4.8,  height  0.25  inches. 
,Kig.  47.) 

17903.  Mask  of  mottled  volcanic  stone.  The  ends  are  simply  rounded 
and  the  bottom  hollow. 

1G907.  Mask  of  a  reddish-brown  volcanic  stone.  The  prostrate  man 
is  present,  the  mouth  of  the  mask  being  toward  his  head. 

Five  of  the  masks,  17020,  17021,  17023,  17024,  17025,  are  more  or  less 
grotesque  human  faces,  with  cleat-like  projections  on  the  back,  scarcely 
admitting  of  a  doubt  that  they  were  designed  for  fastening  to  a  handle 
or  pole.  (Fig.  48.)  indeed,  if  we  were  allowed  to  ibllow  up  the  clew, 
these  cleat-like  projections  might  throw  much  light  upon  the  furrows 
found  at  the  base  of  the  mammae  of  the  mammiform  stones,  hinting 
that  these,  too,  might  have  served  in  some  way  or  other  as  insignia  or 
club  heads.  But  where  all  is  conjecture  we  shall  have  to  possess  our 
souls  in  patience. 

Three  of  the  masks,  17029,  17030,  17031,  are  flat  kite-shaped  stones 
with  the  human  face  carved  partly  in  relief  on  one  side.  (Fig.  49.) 
The  following  table  gives  the  dimensions  in  inches  and  decimals* 

17020.  Length  5.1,  width  4.15,  thickness  2  inches. 

17030.  Length  7,  width  4.45,  thickness  1.85  inches. 

17031.  Length  5.9,  width  3.75,  thickness  1.35  inches. 

There  is  one  mask,  discoidal  in  form,  from  the  periphery  of  which  two 


Fig.  47. — Profile  of  inaininifonn  mask.     About  ^. 


Fig.  48. — Mask  with  i)idjectioDs  tor 
attacbiiient.     i. 


/iG.  4'J.— Flat  kitf-sliai>.(l 
,  iiia.sk.     i. 


FftJ.  5i.— Rislit-slionldered  massive  collar.     ^. 


Fig.  r)2.— Giiiiiil-sliapcd  paiuil  of  a  luaj-.sivc  collar,  with  its  ornanieut.     -J. 


Ir 


ETHNOLOGY. 


385 


•eylindrical  knobs  proceed,  look  in  g-,  ajjain,  ver\  much  like   attachriu'nts 
for  a  handle.     17022  is  a  very  rude  mask  ol  inarhlc 

COLLARS. 

The  objects  commonly  called  collars  receive  their  name  from  thrir 
icsemblance  to  horse-collars,  an<l  not  Irom  any  knowh'df^c  we  liavc  ot 
tlieir  use.  There  wen*  thirty-live  of  them  iii  tlie  Latimer  colhM-tioii, 
bat  some  were  exchanged  and  sent  away  beforr  this  descri|)tion  was 
written.  Four  of  them  are  ^et  m  the  rongii  state — so  rou{,'h,  in  taci, 
that  we  cannot  jmsitively  affirm  that  they  were  destined  for  collais 
(Fig.  50.)  None  of  the  characteristic  marks  of  the  coUais  are  visil)li'. 
Assuming  this  as  their  probable  end,  they  serve  to  show  what  an  im- 
mense amount  of  labor  it  must  have  taken  to  reduce  a  ^t(Hle  ot  such 
great  size  and  hardness  to  the  slender  and  graceful  tinished  object.  The 
accompanying  table  gives  their  dimensions  in  inches: 


Number. 

"a 
=  ■5 

<a   . 

a-a 

"a    . 

|i 

II 

17100 

13 

20.8 
23.35 
20 

9.5 
10.2 

8.4 
11 

15.3 
IC.  9 
17.7 

17 

7 
7 

7.3 
6.5 

4  5 

17101  

.'.  5 

17102  

5  rt 

17103                                          

3  9 

Of  those  that  are  finished  there  are  two  classes — the  massive  oval, 
and  the  slender  oblique-ovate,  or  pear-shaped  collars.  The  latter  are 
far  more  highly  polished  and  ornamented  than  the  former,  and  some  ot 
the  ornamental  patterns  on  the  massive  forms  are  reproduced  but  more 
elaborated  on  the  slender  variety,  notably  the  gourd  shaped  ridge  sur 
rounding  the  panels.  One  of  these  objects  is  figured  in  "  Flint-Chips," 
p.  2;U,  but  it  is  either  wrongly  drawn  or  represents  another  class 
entirely  ditJerent  from  any  in  the  Latimer  collection.  Another  is  said 
to  be  engraved  in  Mem.  de  la  Soc.  du  Nord,  containing  Mr.  C  Ifafn's 
report  on  the  "Cabinet  d'Antiquit^es  Am6ricaines^  Copenhagen,  1S58,'* 
but  I  have  not  seen  it.  In  Scribuer's  Monthly,  August,  1875,  are  four 
woodcuts  of  collars  pretty  faithfully  drawn.  Both  classes  are  marked 
by  the  presence  of  a  projection  or  prominence  resembling  a  knot  on  the 
outside  of  the  upper  limb  of  the  circumference.  This  piojection,  always 
midway  between  the  anterior  and  the  posterior  margin,  is  sometimes  on 
the  right  side  and  sometimes  on  the  left.  This  circumstance  gives  rise 
to  two  subclasses,  the  right-shoulderetl  and  the  left-shouldered.  The 
other  marks  which,  by  their  peculiar  forms,  or  by  their  presence  or  ab- 
sence, give  individuality  to  the  different  specimens  are:  the  shoulder; 
the  shoulder-ridge,  or  fillet;  the  boss,  or  swelling  at  the  bottom;  the 
right  panel ;  the  left  panel ;  the  panel  ornament  (alwa.vs  most  elaborate 
on  the  side  opposite  the  shoulder) ;  the  marginal  prominences  of  the 
shouldered  side;  the  panel   border,  or  scroll  ;  and    the  marginal   ridge 


386  THE    LATIMER    COLLECTION    OF    ANTIQUITIES. 

aiul  furrow.  The  marks  will  be  better  understood  by  the  accompanying 
fijiures  51,  53,  55,  59.  The  material  of  which  they  are  all  made  is  a 
volcanic  stone  of  ditierent  color  and  texture. 

1.  Biyht  shouldered  massive  collars. 

171U-4.  The  shoulder  resembles  closely  a  knot  of  a  tree,  and  about  six 
inches  below  there  is  another  swelling  as  though  the  knot  entering  above 
came  out  at  this  point.  There  is  no  transverse  ridge  beneath  the  shoul- 
der. The  right  panel  is  a  plain  moon-shaped  chamfer  pecked  on  the 
stone.  The  left  panel  is  a  gourd-shaped  space  inclosed  in  a  bead  like 
ridge,  and  has  its  wide  end  extending  quite  around  the  bottom  of  the 
collar  to  the  chamfer  so  as  to  form  a  quasiboss. 

171(»7.  The  shoulder  of  this  one  is  inverted  bell-shaped.  The  shoulder 
ridge  is  a  transverse  swelling.  The  right  panel  is  a  parallel-sided  cham- 
fer. The  left  panel  is  gourd-shaped  and  ornamented  with  herring-bone 
furrows.  The  bottom  of  the  collar  is  very  much  enlarged  by  the  lower 
margin  of  this  gourd  shaped  panel.     (Fig.  51.) 

17108.  The  shoulder  is  bell-shaped,  and  beneath  it  is  a  narrow  trans- 
verse ridge  uniting  at  its  extremities  with  the  marginal  ridges,  which 
extend  quite  around  tlie  upper  half  of  the  collar.  The  right  panel  is  an 
oval  chamfer.  The  left  panel  is  gourd-shaped,  and  is  ornamented  with , 
lozenges,  chevrons,  and  triangles,  prettily  designed  to  fill  up  the  space. 
(Fig.  52.)  This  is  an  exquisite  specimen  of  design  and  execution,  and 
as  well  as  many  others  already  examined,  and  to  be  examined,  indicates 
marked  progress  in  the  division  of  labor, 

17109.  The  shoulder  is  a  mere  swelling,  without  any  definite  outline, 
and  the  shoulder  ridge  is  wanting  altogether.  The  right  panel  is  a  slight 
chamfer,  the  left  panel  a  deep  furrowed  triple  chevron.  A  rather  plain 
object. 

2.  Left-shouldered  massive  collars. 

17105.  The  shoulder  of  this  collar  is  a  mere  swelling  out,  as  it  were, 
of  the  stone.  The  shoulder-ridge  is  likewise  a  transverse  elevation 
beneath  the  shoulder.  The  left  panel  is  a  [)arallel  sided  chamfer  extend- 
ing from  this  transverse  swelling  quite  to  the  bottom  of  the  collar,  where 
it  is  bounded  by  a  transverse  ridge  or  quasi-boss.  The  right  panel 
is  the  gourd-shaped  pattern  ornamented  by  an  oblong  spiral  ridge. 
The  gourd  pattern  in  this  and  other  massive  collars  reappears  in  the 
slender  variety,  where  it  is  represented  by  a  somewhat  quadrilateral 
panel  having  a  looped  ridge  extending  beyond  the  anterior  margin. 

SLENDER  OBLIQUE-OVATE  COLLARS. 

The  slender  collars,  which  compose  the  greater  part  of  the  set,  are 
more  highly  elaborated  in  every  respect  than  the  others,  and  differ  from 
them  so  much  in  weight  and  finish  as  to  suggest  a  difference  or  function. 
(Figs.  53,  55,  59.)  Where  so  little  is  known  concerning  thetu,  however, 
this  is  more  than  we  can  affirm. 


H 


\ 


Fii;.  M. — Rif-ht-sliouldt  red  slender 
collar,    i. 


Fig.  55. — Right-shouldered  sleuder 
collar.    ^. 


Fig.  54, — Left  panel,  panel-ornament,  panel-border,  and  boss  of   a  light.-sbouldered 

slender  collar.    About  i. 


Fig.  .'iG.— Left  panel  of  a  right-shouldered  slender  collar,  with  its  ornaments,     i- 


ETHNOLOGY.  387 

1.  Right-shouldered  slender  collars. 

8029.  (Fig.  53.)  The  shoulder  is  distinctly  hell-shaped,  liavint^  a 
])ecked  chamfer  on  its  outward  portion.  The  transverse  shoulder  ri(l<;e 
is  quite  prominent.  The  right  or  plain  panel  is  inclosed  in  a  ipiadrilat 
eral  ridge  which  bears  on  the  middle  of  its  antenoi  and  posterior  sides 
a  very  marked  swelling.  This  is  a  constant  I'eature  on  the  ant«'riur  ami 
l)osterior  margins  ot  the  panel  on  the  shouldere«l  side,  whenever  this 
])anel  is  present.  The  face  of  thepauel  is  indented  witli  an  oval  depres- 
sion or  cup-cutting.  The  left  panel  is  hounded  by  a  border-ridge,  and 
ornamented  by  a  large  ring  in  the  center,  on  eiiher  side  of  which  a  hu- 
man leg  drawn  up  is  represented.  (Fig.  54  )  The  anterior  margin  of  this 
panel,  which  I  have  called -the  panel  border,  is  a  double  scroll. 

8U30i.  The  shoulder  is  well  expiessed  and  the  shoulder  ridge  wide. 
The  right  panel  is  enclosed  in  a  broad  ridge  with  the  swellings  on  the 
margins,  and  has  a  plain  center.  The  lelt  panel  is  inclosed  in  a  double 
ridge  and  furrow  looped  aud  perforated  at  its  upper  anterior  corner. 
This  is  also  quite  plaiu,  although  the  double  scroll  is  found  on  the  mar- 
gin. This  aud  the  foregoing  specimen  were  given  to  the  isational  Mu 
seum  sou)e  years  ago. 

17080.  (Fig.  55.)  The  shoulder  is  bell-sha]>ed,  and  the  enciicling 
shoulder-ridge  abuts  upon  the  shoulder  so  that  no  line  separaces  them. 
Theright  pauel  is  inclosed  within  a  ridge  with  the  swellings,  aud  has  an  oval 
cavity  i)ecked  deeply  into  its  central  space.  The  left  panel  is  inclosed 
by  a  ridge  with  the  loop  in  irs  upi)er  anterior  corner,  and  is  ornamented 
-by  an  elaborate  winged  sun-pattern.  (Fig.  56.)  The  panel  border  is  a 
wide  scroll. 

17085.  The  shoulder  is  quite  prominent,  its  upper  circular  face  rolled 
outward.  The  transverse  shoulder-ridge  is  carried  all  the  way  arouud 
the  stone.  The  right  panel  is  inclosed  by  a  ridge  with  the  prominences, 
and  is  rough-pecked  over  its  interior  s[)ace.  The  left  panel  is  inclosed 
by  a  ridge,  and  was  formerly  well  ornamented,  but  it  is  now  nearly  worn 
ofif,  whether  by  use  or  time  I  cannot  say.  The  panel  border  is  a  delicate 
double  scroll,  having  two  of  the  volutes  perforated.  The  boss,  which 
in  most  of  the  slender  collars  is  an  immense  swelling,  oblique  to  the 
plane  of  the  stone,  is  in  this  specimen  rolled  out  like  a  pouting  lip. 

17087.  The  shoulder  is  bell  shaped.  The  transverse  shoulder-ridge 
borders  three  sides  of  the  shoulder — that  is,  it  turns  up  along  the  mar- 
gins of  the  collar.  The  right  panel  has  the  ridge  aud  iirominences  but 
uo  ornament.  The  left  panel  is  inclosed  in  a  ridge  looped  on  the  upper 
anterior  margin.  The  panel  border  is  slightly  scrolled,  but  much  worn. 
The  boss  is  ridged  up  on  the  inside  of  the  specimen. 

17088.  The  shoulder  is  a  mere  swelling  with  a  slight  transverse  ridge, 
Thepromineuces  are  present  on  the  ridge  of  theright  panel,  which  is  orna- 
mented with  a  shallow  oval  depression.  There  is  no  ornament  on  the 
left  panel.     This  is  a  very  plain  specimen  and  rudely  polished. 


:\HH  THE    LATIMER    COLLECTION    OF    ANTIQUITIES. 

17089.  The  shoulder  is  bell-shaped,  aud  the  shoulder-ridge  passes 
quite  around  the  stone.  The  right  pauel  is  inclosed  within  a  ridge  with 
the  prominences;  its  ornament  is  an  oval  depression  whose  edges  are 
slightly  in  relief.  The  left  panel  is  inclosed  in  a  looped  ridge,  and  is 
without  ornaujent.  The  upper  transverse  portions  of  the  panel-ridges 
encircle  the  stone  as  in  Fig.  55. 

17001.  The  shoulder  is  bell-shaped  and  grooved.  The  right  panel  has 
tilt'  prominences  and  oval  deiiression.     The  left  panel  is  wanting. 

17001'.  yhoulder  bell-shaiied,  «ud  the  transverse  ridge  beneath  it  encir- 
cles the  stone.  Theright  panel  having  the  marginal  prominences  is  rough- 
ened on  its  face  and  ornamented  with  a  ring  and  dot.  The  left  panel 
is  much  worn.  The  pauel  border  is  a  double  scroll.  The  boss  and 
upjier  transverse  panel-ridges  encircle  the  stone. 

17090.  (2).  A  fragment  containing  boss  and  panels.  Theright  panel 
with  the  marginal  prominences  and  oblong  oval  depression.  The  left 
pauel  has  a  perlbration  in  the  marginal  loop  of  the  inclosing  ridge. 

2.  Left-shouldered  slender  collars. 

8028.  The  shoulder  a  slight  rough  swelling,  without  the  subjacent 
transverse  ridge.  The  left  panel  has  the  marginal  prominences  and 
a  double  chamfer  on  its  face.  The  right  panel  is  wanting,  a  simple 
transverse  ridge  marking  the  upper  extremity,  from  which  the  stone 
gradually  ex|>ands  toward  the  boss. 

80.50.  The  shoulder  is  bell-shaped  and  well  rolled  out.  The  transverse 
shoulder-ridge  is  wanting,  but  the  furrows  on  either  side  of  the  shoulder 
converge  gradually,  and  give  the  appearance  of  the  overlapping  of  the 
two  ends  of  a  hoop.  The  left  panel  is  inclosed  in  a  double  ridge  with 
the  marginal  jiromiuences  and  is  ornamented  with  a  deep  oval  depres 
sion.  The  right  i^anel  is  inclosed  in  a  ridge  with  a  perforated  loop  ou 
its  upper  anteiior  margin,  and  is  ornamented  with  chevrons,  whose  tri- 
anguhir  spaces  are  filled  with  incised  lines  parallel  to  the  sides  of  the 
chevron  consecutively.  The  pauel  border  is  a  double  scroll  with  a 
small  human  face  represented  between  the  scrolls.  It  has  been  said 
that  the  human  face  is  not  seen  on  the  collars.  This  is  the  only  excep- 
tion in  this  collection  if  the  fragment  to  be  mentioned  next  is  not  a  por- 
tion of  a  collar.     (Fig.  57.) 

17026.  A  fragment  containing  the  boss  and  a  part  of  a  right  pauel. 
The  panel  ornament  is  a  large  featured  human  face.  The  end  of  this 
fragment  is  notched  and  perforated,  as  if  for  secondary  use.  (Fig.  58.) 
I  am  not  positive  about  this  fragment.  If  it  is  not  a  portion  of  a  collar, 
it  is  a  class  by  itself;  and  if  it  is,  it  is  not  like  any  other  in  the  class 
as  represented  by  the  Latimer  collection.  Two  objects  somewhat  simi- 
lar are  engraved  in  Scribner's  Magazine  for  August,  1875,  but  as  I  have 
not  seen  the  originals  I  cannot  speak  with  certainty  as  to  the  resem- 
blance between  it  and  them. 

170S1.  The    shoulder    is  bell-shaped,  and    hollow  ou    the  top.     The 


Fig.  57.— Rifibt  panel  of  a  left-shouldered  slender  coUiir.     i. 


Fig.  58. — Supposed  boss  and  panel  of 
slender  collar.     |. 


Fig.  59.— a  leit-sliouldered  slender  col- 
lar. 8bo\viu<j  tbe  sboulder-.swelling, 
the  boss,  and  tbe  panel-border.    ^. 


Fig.  go.— Eight  panel  and  scrolled  border  of  a  left-shoiildered  slender  collar.     J. 


I 


I 


ETHNOLOGY.  3>^9 

shoulder  ridge  encircles  the  stone.  The  \oi\  piiiu-l  lias  tlie  m.ii-,'iiiul 
prominences  and  the  oviil  depression.  The  iij,'ht  panel  is  ornanieiited 
with  lozenges  and  triangles  surrounding  a  circular  depression  in  the 
center.    The  boss  and  the  transverse  panel-ridges  encircU"  ilui  collai . 

17082.  (Fig.  59.)  The  shoulder  is  well  setofl  Irom  tin- stont*,  an<l  issub- 
tended  l)y  a  very  shallow  rid>:e.  The  left  panel  has  the  uiarf,Mnal  proiin- 
neuces  atjd  oval  depression.  The  right  panel  is  inclosed  in  a  ridge 
looped  at  the  up|)er  anterior  corner,  which  is  continued  to  form  a  p;iri  of 
the  panel  marginal  scroll.  The  panel  is  ornamented  with  a  doited  cir- 
cle at  each  end,  inclosed  in  a  sigmoid  ridge,  the  ends  of  which  expand 
gracefully  to  fill  the  triangular  spaces  between  the  sigmoid,  the  circlrs, 
and  the  border  ridge  of  the  panel.  (Fig.  GO.)  The  boss  is  ridged  up  on 
the  inside. 

17083.  The  shoulder  is  bell-shaped,  having  its  transverse  rid;,'i'  ne;irly 
encircling.  The  left  panel  has  the  prominences  and  oval  depiession. 
There  is  no  right  panel.  The  lower  end  of  the  specimen  is  roughly 
pecked. 

17084.  The  shoulder  is  not  very  prominent  and  is  continuous  with 
the  transverse  ridge.  The  left  panel  with  its  prominences  very  plainly 
executed.  The  right  panel  is  a  smooth  si)ace  inclosed  in  a  ridge  wlii<h 
runs  into  the  boss  at  the  lower  corners. 

1708G.  Theshouhler  well  rounded  out  and  winged  on  Ihemaigins,  the 
shoulder  ridge  ai»utting  on  the  shoulder  and  encircling  the  stone.  The 
left  panel  has  the  prominences  and  a  small  oval  depression.  The  right, 
panel  is  inclosed  in  a  double  ridge  and  furrow,  and  ornamented  with 
chevrons  and  parallel  included  lines.  The  panel  border  is  an  elaborate 
double  scroll,  with  trigl.M)hs  in  the  center  of  each. 

17094.  The  shoulder  slight  and  flattened,  and  abutting  on  the  shoul- 
der-ridge. The  left  panel  has  the  prominences  and  a  slight  oval  depres- 
sion. The  right  panel  is  a  looped  ridge  ornamented  with  lozenges  and 
triangles.  Tiie  panel-border  is  a  double  scroll  with  small  triglyphs. 
The  boss  is  ridged  on  the  inside. 

17095.  The  shoulder  is  bell-shaped,  and  subtended  by  a  wide  and 
encircling  shoulder-ridge.  The  left  panel  has  the  prominences,  and  an 
oval  chamfer  in  the  center.  The  right  panel  included  in  a  looped  and  per- 
forated ridge  is  plain  in  the  center.  The  panel- border  is  an  elaborate 
double  scroll.  The  transverse  panel-ridges  and  boss  encircle  the  stone, 
and  the  furrows  of  the  panels  are  repeated  on  the  inside  of  the  collar. 
A  truly  unique  and  beautiful  specimen. 

17096.  The  shoulder  is  very  slight,  and  has  its  transverse  ridge  encir- 
cling. The  left  panel  has  the  prominences  and  oval  depression.  The 
right  panel  is  an  unornamented  surface  inclosed  in  a  double  ridge  and 
furrow.     The  transverse  panel-ridges  and  boss  encircle  the  stone. 

17098.  The  shoulder  is  slight  and  much  flattened,  and  is  subtended 
by  a  narrow  shoulder-ridge.  The  left  panel  has  the  marginal  promi- 
nences and  a  chamfered  interior  space.  The  right  panel  is  wanting  and 
the  boss  small.    This  is  a  very  rude  specimen. 


390 


THE    LATIMER    COLLECTION    OF    ANTIQUITIES. 


17009.  (1.)  A  fmgmeut  of  a  coUjir.  The  left  panel  is  present  and  has 
the  inartiiiial  i)r()iiiineiices  and  a  smooth  interior  surface.  A  short  por 
tion  of  thi*  rifjht  panel  remaining;  indicates  a  plain  surface  inclosed  in  a 
ri(l}xe  looped  on  the  upper  anterior  corner. 

17()1H>.  (2.)  A  fra},nnent  of  a  collar,  consisting  of  a  boss  and  a  left  panel, , 
tin-  latter  with  the  |)romineuces  and  a  deep  oval  depression. 

ITKUi.  The  shoulder  is  bell  shaped,  with  cup-cuttings  on  its  sides.  The 
shoidth'r  rid;,'e  is  extended  upward  along  the  margins  of  the  shoulder 
on  either  side,  and  thence  quite  around  to  the  ui)per  transverse  ridge  of 
the  right  panel.  The  left  panel  has  the  prominences,  and  its  interior 
space  smooth.  The  right  panel  is  smooth  and  inclosed  in  a  ridge 
lo(jped  at  the  upper  anterior  corner.  The  panel-border  is  a  double  scroll ' 
fretted  on  the  sides  with  cup-cuttings  in  the  volutes.  This  is  somewhat 
transitional  in  form  between  the  massive  and  the  slender. 

Dimensions  of  the  collars  in  inches. 


e 

a 

c 

<c 

,a 

.a 

.a 

.a 

P. 

x: 

*- 

p 

e 

C8 

«s  . 

c! 

a  a 

.a 

j= 

Xnmber. 

s 

a  5 

.a 

s 

s> 

H 

^ 

JS 

OJ 

1^ 

H 

H 

H 

H 

H 

o 

^ 

17104 

17.5 

14 

2.15 

2.2 

2.1 

2.3 

4 

4 

17107   

17.5 
17 

18 

14 
13 

14.5 

2.3 

2.45 

2.8 

3.15 
2.45 
3.1 

2.5 

2.45 

2.7 

2.55 

2.3 

3.3 

4 

3.8 

5 

4 

17108  

3.8 

17109  

5 

17105 

17.75 

15 

1.7 

1.7 

2.2 

2.9 

4 

4 

t<0-29    

18.1 
17.5 

11.4 
12 

1.4 
1.35 

1.4 
1.5 

1.35 
1.4 

3.3 
2.95 

1.75 
1.5 

3.6 

ftOSOJ  

3.1 

170^  

13 

18 

11 
12.5 

1.25 
1.15 

1.55 
2.1 

1.25 
1.35 

3. 25 
3.55 

1.7 
1.9 

3.7 

17065 

3.5 

17087 

17.5 
16.8 

13 
11.1 

1.45 
1.25 

1.9 
1.55 

1.45 
1.45 

3.45 
3.8 

2 

1.8 

3.1 

17088 

3.75 

17089 

16 

11.2 

1.4 

1.45 

1.4 

2.45 

1.6 

2.9 

17091  

17 

ia7 

15.9 

11.5 
12.2 
11.6 

1.3 

1.45 

1.35 

1.55 
1.55 
1.45 

1.3 
1.5 
1.45 

2.9 
3.1 

2.05 

1.7 

2 

1.7 

3.5 

17092  

4.05 

17007  

2.65 

17099(3)  

3.55 

3.8 

80-28 

18.4 

12.3 

1.4 

1.4 

1.5 

3.6 

1.65 

3.15 

f030 

17.6 

11.5 

1.2 

i.:j5 

1.5 

3.5 

1.65 

3.3 

17026 

4. 25 

2.9 
2.85 

"'i.s' 

1.95 

3.8 

17081 

17 
17.2 

12 
U 

1.4 
1.5 

1.5 
1.25 

1.5 
1.35 

2.9 

1738-2 

3.25 

17083 

17 

16.4 

17.5 

11 

11.4 
11.7 

1.-2 
1.  1 
1.25 

1.3 
1.3 
1.2 

1.35 
1.65 
1.7 

2.9 

2.85 

3.2 

1.7 
1.6 
1.7 

.3.2 

17084 

3.2 

17086 

3.3 

17094 

15.9 

10.7 

1.2 

1.25 

1.35 

2.85 

1.7 

3.5 

17095 

17.95 

12 

1.4 

1.45 

1.6 

3.8 

1.8 

4 

17096 

16.1 

10.9 

1.15 

1.2 

1.35 

.1.35 

1.8 

3.3 

17098 

17.1 

11.45 

1.5 

1.5 

1.75 

2.15 

2.2 

2.95 

17099(1)  

3.45 

3.15 

17099(2)  

2.75 

3.45 

17106.  

18 

13 

1.7 

1.7 

2.05 

2.95 

3 

4.5 

CO^S^CLUSION, 

The  objects  which  I  have  described  are  all  from  Porto  Eico,  and,  to- 
gether with  a  collection  of  interesting  antiquities  from  other  parts  of 
the  world,  which  do  not  come  under  my  province,  were  bequeathed  to 
the  Smithsonian  Institution  by  Mr.  George  Latimer.  This  generous 
benefactor  of  the  Institution  was  of  an  English  family  who  migrated  to 


ETHNOLOGY.  391 

America  in  173G.  His  father  was  a  merchant  in  Phihuh'lphia,  where 
bis  son  George  was  born  in  1803.  Raving  often  visited  the  West  Indies 
as  a  supercargo,  he  became  attached  to  the  country,  and,  in  ISi'S,  rii- 
tered  the  mercantiU' commission  business  in  St.  Thomas.  lie  altei  ward 
removed  to  Saint  John's,  Porto  Kico,  where  he  remained  until  wv.w  tiie 
time  of  his  death,  which  occurred  in  Paris  August  2,  1874,  from  thr  ef- 
fects of  a  surgical  operation.  He  was  an  honored  citizen,  and  foi-  many 
years  was  consul-general  of  the  United  States  for  the  islatid.  He  was, 
at  the  time  of  his  death,  consul  for  Holland  and  Austria,  and  had  Ixeu 
created  by  the  King  of  Spain  a  "Knight  of  the  Order  of  Isabella."  .Mr. 
Latimer  has  left  no  written  descriptions  of  tlie  objects  and  the  localities 
of  their  discovery.  His  nephew,  Mr.  W.  H.  Latimer, writes:  "I  believe 
he  was  prompted  in  the  beginning  by  curiosity,  but  with  increase  of 
materials  and  knowledge  of  the  subject  came  also  a  greatly  increased 
interest,  that  spared  neither  pains  nor  expense  in  the  augmentation  of 
his  treasures.  Visiting  personally  any  neighborhood  where  his  labors 
were  likely  to  be  rewarded,  and  calling  to  his  assistance  many  others 
in  different  parts  of  the  island,  he  added  constantly  to  a  collection  which 
he  highly  prized  as  the  only  one  of  iuiportance  existing  of  the  aborigi- 
nes of  the  island.  Some  of  the  specimens  were  found  in  caves,  but  the 
greater  part  were  turned  up  by  the  plow  and  hoe,  when  new  lands 
were  put  under  cultivation,  but  I  cannot  specially  localize  them  or  say 
whether  any  were  found  in  graves  or  in  shell  heai)s." 

According  to  Sir  John  Lubbock's  classification,  the  makers  of  these 
objects  were  a  purely  neolithic  people,  and,  according  to  Mr.  Morgan, 
they  were  not  savages,  but  were  in  the  "  middle  status  of  barbarism." 
In  addition  to  the  fruits  of  nature,  they  prepared  maize  and  cassava  and 
fermentcil  drinks.  They  lived  in  round  and  square  houses,  with  thatched 
roofs,  grouped  in  small  and  large  villages.  They  made  pottery,  the 
boldness  and  truthfulness  of  whose  ornametitation  attest  their  division 
of  labor.  In  a  warm  climate  very  little  clothing  was  needed,  yet  they 
spun  and  wove  cotton  cloth.  Their  implements  of  industry,  so  far  as 
we  have  recovered  them,  are,  1  repeat,  the  most  beautiful  in  the  world. 
Their  canoes,  especially  in  Porto  Rico,  were  exquisitely  wrought,  with 
the  sides  raised  with  canes,  daubed  over  with  bitumen,  and  not  Ilat,  but 
with  a  keel.  (Stephens's  Herrera,  i,  340.)  Their  pastimes  were  the  di- 
versions practiced  by  our  own  Indians,  consisting  i)rincipally  of  mo(;k 
fights,  in  which  oftimes  many  were  wounded  or  killed.  Their  artists 
were  prodigies  in  design  and  workmaushi'  ,  as  the  finer  Ibrms  which  1 
have  described  attest.  Their  social  life  is  little  understood,  but  proba- 
bly resembled  in  all  respects  that  of  the  Florida  Indians  at  the  time  of 
the  discovery.  The  absence  of  all  flaked  or  chipped  sti)iie  implements 
may  be  accounted  for  in  several  ways.  The  siliceous  rocks  which  take 
the  finest  chipping  are  not  found  here,  and  in  many  of  the  islands 
shell  [Strombus gigas)  is  the  only  available  material  for  any  implement. 
Neither  are  the  large  animals  here  which  require  such  hard  and   fine 


392  THE    LATIMER    COLLECTION    OP    ANTIQUITIES. 

points  for  tbeir  destruction,  nor  sharp  knives  and  scrapers  to  cut  them" 
np  and  to  tan  their  hides,  which  would  be  useless  for  clothing  in  this 
climate  if  they  had   them.     In  the  second  place,  many  of  the  woods| 
are  extn-mcly    hard,    and    with    charrjng   take   a   very   fine  point  orj 
edge,  sullifient  to  pierce  or  cut  fish,  birds,  or  men.     We  are  not  to  lay! 
too  much  stress,  therefore,  upon  the  absence  of  rude  stone  implements, 
especially  as   the  coUeetions  from  these  parts  are  as  yet  very  meager. 
Still  it  is  quite  possible  that  the  civilization  of  the  Caribs  and  of  their 
hereditary  enemies  was  introduced  from  the  mainland,  and  the  absence 
of  cliipped  and   tlaked  tools,  if  further  demonstrated,  will  be  suflBcient 
evidtMice  of  this. 

As  to  the  place  of  most  of  these  objects  in  an  anthropological  museum 
we  are  sufficiently  informed,  but  concerning  the  use  of  the  masks,  the 
mammiform  stones,  and  the  collars,  we  are  entirely  in  the  dark.  Some 
of  these  rare  objects  are  figured  and  described  in  Flint-Chips,  with 
references  to  Latham,  Wilson,  to  Cherminier  and  Guesde's  collection 
from  Guadeloupe  at  the  Paris  Exposition,  to  Schomburgk,  Foey,  and 
Cato,  (Flint-Chins,  pp.  223-240.)  I  have  seen  but  cannot  recall  the 
title  of  an  account  of  the  Copenhagen  Museum  by  Valdemar  Schmidt, 
in  whi(!h  one  or  two  figures  are  given.  In  Scribner's  Monthly  for 
August,  1875,  Dr.  J.  B.  Holder  figures  and  describes  a  collection  in 
the  American  Museum  in  Central  Park,  New  York. 

As  to  whether  they  were  the  work  of  the  Caribs  and  of  their  more 
l)eaceful  neighbors  there  may  be  a  diiference  of  opinion.  The  fact  that 
the  peculiar  forms  here  enumerated  are  found  throughout  the  ancient 
Carib  area  ;  that  the  stone  seats  resemble  in  form  and  ornamentation 
those  made  of  wood  and  used  by  persons  of  distinction  mentioned  by 
the  early  historians  of  Columbus's  voyages,  and  recently  discovered  by 
Messrs.  Gabband  Frith;  that  the  celts  are  like  those  used  in  Polynesia 
and  on  the  northwest  coast  of  America,  where  large  dug-out  canoes  are 
still  in  use ;  all  these  lend  great  force  to  the  opinion  that  these  are 
Carib  or  Arawak  implements,  and  not  the  relics  of  an  older  civilization 
driven  out  by  them.  However,  my  own  mind  is  very  far  from  a  positive 
opinion  on  this  point. 

Some  suggestions  of  possible  function  arise  in  the  mind  concerning 
these  doubtful  forms,  when  we  come  to  handle  a  great  number  of  them. 
The  rough  under-surface  of  the  mammiform  stones  suggests  the  grind- 
ing of  paint,  incense,  spice,  or  some  other  precious  material,  and  the 
native.",  are  said  by  the  historians  to  have  been  fond  of  aromatic  sub- 
stances. Against  this  it  may  be  urged  that  they  are  too  costly  for 
mortars;  that  some  are  hollowed  underneath,  some  are  flat,  and  some 
are  convex;  and  that  though  very  rough  on  the  under  side,  the  rough- 
ness seems  to  be  that  of  an  original  pecking,  excepting  at  the  chin  and 
knees  of  the  Typhoean  figure,  where  the  stone  is  worn  smooth.  The 
furrows  at  the  base  of  the  mammae  seem  to  indicate  the  custom  of  lash- 
ing them  to  a  staff  as  ensigns,  or  to  dash  out  the  brains  of  a  victim  or 


ETHNOLOGY.  393 

au  enemy.  There  is  no  mention,  however,  so  far  as  I  am  acqnainted,  of 
the  natives  performing  human  saciitices.  This  hishiiij;  theory  is  strength- 
ened by  the  fact  that  on  some  of  the  masks  which  closely  resemhh*  the 
mammiform  stones  there  are  cleat  like  projections,  evidently  to  bo 
lashed  to  a  handle.  There  are  no  grooves  worn  in  the  furrows  by  a 
lashing  that  I  could  discover.  The  bulging  to  one  side  of  the  rapmniao, 
some  to  the  right,  others  to  the  left,  hints  at  their  use  in  pairs.  Their 
elegance  of  design  and  variety  of  execution  in  conformity  with  an  ideal, 
characterize  these  as  the  highest  type  of  sculpture  with  stone  imple- 
ments in  the  world. 

The  collars  are  quite  as  puzzling.  Their  right  and  left  shouldering, 
and  the  more  exquisite  finish  of  the  i)anel  opposite  the  shoulder,  when 
the  panel  is  present,  seem  to  prove  that  they  were  to  be  used  in  pairs. 
Their  gradation  in  ornament,  the  presence  or  absence  and  the  form  of 
certain  conventional  parts,  seem  to  speak  of  distinctions  of  some  kind. 
Some  very  interesting  indications  of  the  manner  in  which  humanity  has 
elaborated  its  culture,  guided  by  the  leading  strings  of  nature,  are  given 
in  the  course  and  construction  of  the  ridges  and  furrows  which  consti- 
tute the  ornaments  of  the  panels  and  the  marginal  ornaments.  There 
are  no  sharp  and  deep  corners,  but  the  furrows  wind  about  in  curves 
returning  into  themselves,  or  run  out  into  some  deeper  furrow,  simply 
because  a  man  working  with  a  stone  tool  cannot  make  a  sharp  and  deep 
corner.  Some  of  the  designs  on  these  panels  and  marginal  ornaments 
are  very  ingenious,  as  may  be  seen  by  the  patterns  given  in  Figs.  52, 
54,  56,  57,  and  CO.  The  same  characteristic  is  noticeable  in  the  scroll- 
work of  the  wooden  tools,  and  in  Fig.  43.  Such  is  tlie  form  of  these 
relics  of  an  extinct  race ;  but  whether  they  were  the  regalia  of  sacrifi- 
cial victims,  of  military  heroes,  of  ecclesiastical  worthies,  or  of  members 
of  some  privileged  caste,  who  marched  in  double  file  through  the  streets 
of  Porto  Eican  villages  long  since  decayed,  will  perhaps  forever  remain 
a  mystery.     (Stephens's  Herrera,  i,  62.) 

One  of  the  objects  of  this  perhaps  too  detailed  description  will  be 
accomplished,  if  the  light  thrown  upon  this  neolithic  peoi)le  by  the 
Latimer  collection  shall  guide  some  future  explorer  among  their  anti- 
quities, if  haply  ^e  may  be  able  to  decipher  their  meaning. 


j^: 


THE  gi^p:sl)K  collection 

OK 

VNTIQUT^riES  IX  POTN1^E-A-PITKE, 

GL'ADJ; LOUPE,   WEST    INDIES. 

BY 

OTIS  T.  MASON. 


[From  the  Smithsonian  Report  for  1884.] 


THE  GUESDE  COLLEUIIONOF  ANTIQUITIES  IX  POINTE-A- 
PlTRE,  GUADELOUPE,  WEST  INDIKS. 

By  Otis  T.  Mason. 

INTRODUCTION. 

The  stoue  implemeuts  ami  other  objects  described  in  these  pages  bc- 
oug  almost  exchisively  to  the  celebrated  collection  of  M.  Louis  Gnesde, 
jf  Poiute-^-Pitre,  Guadeloupe.  M.  Guesde  is  the  son  of  M.  Matliieu 
Guesde,  whose  series  of  Carib  stone  implements  attracted  so  much  at- 
tention in  the  Paris  Exposition  of  18G7,  and  Louise  Loyseau,  a  creole, 
of  Guadeloupe.  He  was  born  at  Hamacas,  Porto  Rico,  in  1844,  but  at 
two  years  of  age  was  brought  by  his  parents  to  live  at  Pointe-il-Pitre. 
From  185G  to  1867  M.  Guesde  pursued  his  studies  in  Paris  and  returned 
to  Pointe-a-Pitre  as  register  to  the  minister  of  finance,  in  whose  office  he 
is  at  present  director  of  the  third  bureau.  He  has  inherited  from  his 
father  his  love  for  collecting  the  relics  of  the  ancient  Caribs,  and  for 
nearly  twenty  years  has  been  assiduous  in  his  efforts.  His  duties  call- 
ing him  to  reside  successively  in  various  quarters  of  the  island,  he 
profited  by  these  opportunities  to  carry  on  his  researches.  To  his  zeal 
as  collector  M.  Guesde  fortunately  adds  the  skill  of  the  artist,  and  he 
has  prepared  two  albums  of  aquarelles,  in  natural  size  and  color,  of  all 
the  types  in  his  museum.  One  of  these  albums  is  in  the  Trocadero 
Museum  at  Paris,  the  other  has  been  kindly  presented  to  the  Smith- 
sonian Institution  at  Washington.  So  life-like  are  these  portraits  that 
one  has  no  difficultj'  in  imagining  the  objects  before  him. 

In  a  former  publication  (Smithsonian  Annual  Report  for  187G,  pp. 
372-393)  a  very  large  collection  of  somewhat  similar  objects,  gathered 
by  Mr.  George  Latimer  in  Porto  Rico,  was  described  and  some  reflec- 
tions indulged  in  respecting  those  who  made  them.  Since  that  i)aper 
appeared,  Mr.  E.  F.  im  Thuru,  of  Georgetown,  British  Guiana,  has  given 
great  attention  to  this  subject,  and  is  the  author  of  several  illustrated 
articles  respecting  the  stone  implements  of  the  ancient  Caribs.  Without 
entering  into  a  discussion  upon  this  subject,  and  taking  for  granted  that 
the  Indians  of  the  "discovery"  were  sufficiently  advanced  in  culture 
to  produce  such  works  of  art,  we  may  bett<'r  improve  the  present  oppor- 
tunity by  instituting  comparisons  with  well-known  [)eoi)les. 

It  we  would  look  for  the  evidence  of  the  reappearance  of  similar  forms 
and  customs  in  regions  wide  apart,  we  must  search  out  those  I'ortions 
of  the  earth  that  present  the  same  general  features,  the  same  natural 
materials,  and  the  same  external  suggestions  or  motives.  While  the 
similarities  in  art  products  which  point  to  consanguinity  of  their  makers 
often  thrive  in  quite  contrary  circumstances,  so  outlandish  frequently 
^  731 


732  PAPERS  RELATING  TO  ANTHROPOLOGY. 

as  to  seem  like  the  distorted  memory  of  a  story,  or  little  suatches  of 
melody  snug  iu  a  distaut  laud,  those  similarities  which  indicate  thi 
passing  of  a  certain  milestone  of  human  progress  are  so  nearly  identical 
that  tiie  oldiT  anthropologists  were  wont  to  believe  that  like  effects' 
sprung  from  the  same  rather  than  from  like  causes. 

Fortunately,  there  are  two  regions  where  the  ground  has  not  been  so 
<leuuded  as  to  prevent  our  knowing  a  great  deal  about  the  primitive 
inhabitants;  where,  also,  the  natural  environment  is  so  similar  to  that 
of  the  West  Indies  as  to  lead  us  to  anticipate  even  the  discoverers  of 
their  relics.  These  two  areas  are  Oceanica  and  the  Northwest  coast  of 
America  from  Sitka  to  Vancouver  Island.  In  the  first-named  area  we 
must  include  the  Papuan,  the  Malay,  and  the  Polynesian ;  in  the  sec- 
ond, the  Thlinkit,  Haida,  Chimsian,  Kwakiul,  Nutka,  and  Selish  stocks. 
We  might  also  include  the  tribes  of  British  Guiana  and  Venezuela, 
which  have  been  so  exhaustively  described  by  Schomburgh  and  im 
Thurn.* 

In  all  these  regions  we  have:  (1)  Proximity  to  the  sea,  abounding  in 
edible  marine  animals  ;  (2)  abundance  of  the  finest  timber  in  the  world 
for  savages  to  work  upon ;  (3)  lack  of  flint  and  plenty  of  volcanic  and 
metamorphic  rocks  susceptible  of  tlie  highest  polish  ;  (4)  almost  entire 
absence  of  clay  or  of  some  of  the  other  natural  resources  for  the  man- 
ufacture of  fire-proof  vessels. 

In  the  descriptions  which  follow,  frequent  allusions  will  be  made  to 
similar  shapes  in  order  to  guess  at  the  functions  of  M.  Guesde's  speci- 
mens. 

The  editor  of  this  monograph  sincerely  regrets  that  he  has  not  the 
specimens  before  him ;  but  it  was  impossible  to  transport  with  safety  so 
many  valuable  objects  to  Washington,  and  equally  impossible  for  the 
editor  to  make  the  journey  to  Guadeloupe.  Fortunately,  M.  Guesde 
has  painted  in  water  colors,  with  scrupulous  care,  all  of  the  examples 
figured,  preserving  both  the  color  and  the  size.  The  omission  of  the 
thickness  would  somewhat  mar  the  description  in  many  cases,  were  we  not 
familiar  with  the  two  typical  forms  of  blades  so  frequently  figured  here. 

A  few  objects  not  belonging  to  M.  Guesde's  cabinet  will  be  introduced 
to  throw  light  upon  his  figures  and  to  supply  omissions  in  West  Indian 
archaeology. 

The  classification  adoi)ted  here  is  for  convenience  of  comparison,  and 
it  may  be  that  things  with  different  function  will  be  found  side  by  side. 

The  nomenclature  of  the  parts  of  stone  implements  is  taken  from  John 
Evans'  classic  work,  "Ancient  Stone  Implements  of  Great  Britain."  An 
ax  when  completed  consists  of  haft  and  blade.  The  parts  of  the  blade 
are  the  head  or  butt;  the  neck,  or  groove;  the  body,  having  sides, 
faces,  and  edge.  When  the  hafting  excavation  is  not  encircling  we 
may  have  either  lateral  notches  or  facial  grooves. 

*  Among  the  Indians  of  Guiana,  being  sketches  chiefly  anthropologic,  from  the  in- 
terior of  British  Guiaua.  By  Everard  F.  im  Thurn,  M.  A.  Oxon.  With  53  illus- 
trations.    London:  Kegan,  Paul  &  Co.,  1883.     445,  pp.,  8vo. 


GUESDE    COLLECTION    OF    ANTIQUITIES    IN    WEST    LNDIES.     733 

The  editor  cannot  conclude  this  introduction  witluiut  |)a\inj,f  tlio 
liiuhest  tribute  of  praise  to  M.  Guesde,  who  lias,  at  jiieat  cost,  l)ron;,'lit 
tojiether  so  many  wonderful  si)eciniens  of  ancient  Carib  art. 

AS  a  guide  to  the  understanding  of  the  true  size  of  the  specimens  by 
the  drawings,  a  line  is  placed  by  the  side  of  each  jncture,  and  upon 
tlicse  lines  true  inches  on  the  specimens  are  indicated  by  <lots.  This 
l)lan  is  resorted  to  because  by  i)hotographic  rechictions  exact  propor- 
tions are  not  always  observed.  Whatever  reduction  the  camera  makes 
upon  the  drawing  it  will  also  make  on  the  accompanying  line,  and  the 
inch  spaces  will  be  reduced  accordingly. 

^I.  Guesde  gives  the  following  bit  of  personal  history  concerning 
these  antiquities  (pp.  53-00): 

From  my  youth  I  have  always  been  deei)ly  impressed  with  what  I 
have  read  about  the  Caribs.  The  sight  of  the  stone  objects  wliich  once 
belonged  to  these  primitive  inhabitants  of  the  Antilles  produced  an 
imlescribable  impression  on  me. 

As  years  wen(>  by  the  stronger  became  my  desire  to  collect  together 
all  that  the  soil  of  Gaudeloupe  might  contain  relating  to  the  Caribs. 

I  accordingly  went  to  work  in  the  year  18GG,  and  after  eighteen  years 
of  constant  research,  never  allowing  myself  to  be  discouraged  by  any 
difl&culty,  I  have  the  satisfaction  of  being  able  to  exhibit  to  ethnolo- 
gists this  collection,  which  I  believe  to  be  more  complete  than  all  others 
now  existing,  in  Paris  as  well  as  in  America, 

My  collection  includes  roughly-worked  stones  indicating  an  industry 
in  its  infancj' ;  and  others,  on  the  contrary,  which  are  brought  to  such 
a  degree  of  perfection  that  it  would  be  difficult  to  improve  on  them, 
either  in  design  or  workmanshi]). 

It  is  necessary  to  state  the  fact  which  permitted  John  Lubbock  to 
class  the  aboriginal  inhabitants  of  the  American  islands  among  the 
neolithic  peoples;  it  is  because  the  stone  is  always  i)olished.  There 
is  not  a  single  relic  formed  solely  by  being  chiiiped,  for  those  rare 
pieces  (axes  or  chisels)  which  present  such  an  appearance  also  have  the 
surface  very  well  polished.  Besides,  these  volcanic  stones  cannot  be 
worked  by  chii)j)ing,  like  flint,  quartz,  or  obsidian. 

We  come  across  axes  so  small  that  we  ask  ourselves  if  they  were  not 
used  by  pygmies,  and  these  alongside  of  others  so  large  an<l  heavy 
that  we  dream  of  Titans,  and  no  longer  of  men  like  ourselves. 

In  addition  to  all  these  relics,  which  I  have  gathered  from  the  ground 
in  all  parts  of  the  colony,  both  on  the  seashore  and  in  the  interior,  and 
at  altitudes  of  from  200  to  900  meters,  enormous  stones  covered  with 
strange  designs  are  found,  especially  in  a  single  quarter  of  Guadeloupe 
proper.  The  dimensions  of  these  stones  vary  considerably.  In  some 
the  drawings  are  so  high  up  that  it  is  diflBcult  to  reach  them;  in  others 
they  are  near  the  ground  or  buried  under  the  surface.  They  are  scat- 
tered without  order  about  the  country  and  in  the  beds  of  the  rivers. 
At  St,  Vincent,  also,  the  last  refuge  of  the  Caribs,  stones  with  inscrip- 
tions on  them  are  found  in  the  beds  of  rivers. 


734  PAPKRS  RELATING  TO  ANTHROPOLOGY. 

It  is  now  very  difficult  to  find  wrought  stones  in  the  ground.  He] 
and  there  the  plow  or  the  hoe  turns  up  some  occasional  fragmem 
These  stones  lie  in  fact  in  the  arable  layer  or  stratum,  and  this  has  beei 
80  well  worked  tffat  everything  it  contained  has  been  brought  to  light. 
New  clearings  alone  would  favor  the  collector.  In  the  deep  strata 
would  other  things  belonging  to  an  earlier  race  be  found?  In  the  case 
of  Grande-Terre  it  would  be  impOwSsible,  for  as  soon  as  we  have  passed 
the  vegetable  mold  we  reach  calcareous  rocks,  IMadreporic  formations 
containing  numerous  fossil  shells  and  dog-fish,  which  preclude  all  idea 
of  the  presence  of  man.  It  appears  to  me  more  probable  in  the  case 
of  Guadeloupe,  which  is  of  more  ancient  formation,  and  which  must  at 
all  times  have  offered  more  resources  to  man. 

However  large  may  be  the  number  and  variety  of  the  types  which  T 
possess,  I  still  consider  my  work  incomplete. 

It  constitutes  only  the  prolegomena  of  what  I  would  wish  to  accom- 
l»lish. 

In  the  presence  of  this  collection,  one  is  led  to  ask  if  these  wrought 
stones  are  the  work  of  the  Ygidris  or  of  the  Oaribs,  or  if  they  would 
not  belong  to  these  two  races.  We  are  in  almost  complete  darkness  on 
this  point.  It  is  necessary  to  throw  some  light  on  the  subject.  This 
could  be  done  only  by  visiting  all  the  Lesser  Antilles,  which  were  al- 
ready occupied  by  the  Caribs  on  the  arrival  of  Columbus ;  the  Greater 
Antilles,  from  Porto  Rico  to  Cuba;  and  Trinidad,  which  is  but  a  frag- 
ment recently  detached  from  the  continent ;  by  gathering  carefully  in 
each  island  all  the  wrought  stones  which  would  certainly  be  found  there; 
by  studying  with  the  utmost  care  the  inscribed  stones ;  by  classifying 
separately  the  inscriptions  and  relics  according  to  locality,  and  finally 
by  comparing  the  whole  together  in  order  to  determine  the  points  of 
relationship 

Having  completed  this  first  labor  in  the  Greater  and  Lesser  Antilles, 
it  would  be  necessary  to  collect  together  the  relics  from  the  soil  of 
Guiana,  and,  taking  them  as  types,  to  compare  them  with  those  of  each 
Antille  separately.  Then  only  could  we  come  to  some  conclusion.  We 
would  have  laid  open  to  us,  in  fact,  the  now  silent  history  of  these 
aboriginal  inhabitants. 

I  have  been  able  to  obtain  some  pieces  from  Porto  Eico,  as  follows : 
1st.  Celts  of  all  sizes,  in  general  well  polished,  but  some  with  a  fine 
brilliant  glazing.  2d.  A  mortar  representing  a  bat — a  very  curious 
piece  which  must  have  required  long  months  of  labor.  3d.  An  idol 
representing  a  man  lying  on  his  belly,  and  supporting  a  mountain  on 
his  back.  A  very  remarkable  peculiarity  is  that  the  legs  are  bent  as 
if  in  the  act  of  swimming.  I  think  that  this  idol  is  the  personification 
of  some  marine  deity,  protector  of  an  island.  4th.  An  enormous 
necklace,  covered  with  inscriptions  on  one  of  its  lower  surfaces.  This 
necklace  was  evidently  slung  over  the  shoulder  like  a  hunting-horn. 
5th.  The  lower  part  of  another  necklace,  but  without  any  inscription. 
6th.  A  small  netting-needle.     7th.  Some  remains  of  pottery  (heads  of 


GUESDE    COLLECTION    OF    ANTIQUITIES    IN    WEST    INDIK8.     735 

men  and  monkeys  modeled  with  great  boldness,  evidently  forminj,'  cup 
handles)  and  the  upper  rim  of  a  cui)  which  must  have  been  of  j,neat 
diameter.     Some  of  these  fragments  of  ])ottery  still  bear  traces  of  a 
fine  red  glazing. 

I  must  acknowledge  that  during  two  sojourns  at  Porto  Kico — one  of 
six  and  the  other  of  two  months— 1  never  came  across  an  ax.  More 
over  there  is  not  a  single  ax  in  the  sui)erb  collection  i)resented  to  the 
museum  at  Washington  by  Mr.  G.  Latimer,  and  which  is  entirely  from 
Porto  Kico.  The  abundance  of  axes  in  the  Lesser  Antilles  and  their 
complete  absence  in  Porto  Rico  would  seen?  to  indicate  a  difference  of 
race  in  the  inhabitants  of  these  ditterent  islands. 

I  have  been  able  to  obtain  five  perfect  celts  and  four  fragments  from 
Martinique,  one  single  celt — but  very  remarkable  for  form  and  jiolish — 
from  Dominica,  two  celts  and  three  axes  from  St.  Lucia,  and  one  celt 
from  Santo  Domingo  (the  Hispaniola  of  Columbus). 

No  typical  difference  can  be  established  between  the  cults,  whether 
they  come  from  Porto  Rico  or  from  Martinique,  Guadeloupe,  Dominica, 
and  St.  Lucia. 

j^ow,  since  the  strata  of  the  Lesser  Antilles  do  not  contain  the  mate- 
rial used  in  some  of  these  celts,  it  is  certain  that  they  were  not  made 
where  they  were  found.  Should  we  not,  therefore,  infer  from  this  that 
they  all  have  the  same  origin,  that  they  all  come  from  the  continent  or 
from  the  Greater  Antilles  ? 

I  have  in  my  possession  a  club  {baton)  from  the  Galibis  of  Dutch 
Guiana.  This  club  has  a  certain  age.  The  wood,  of  a  red  color  when 
freshly  cut,  has  assumed  a  very  deep  black  hue ;  the  cotton  thread 
around  the  handle  is  very  dirtj\  The  weapon  has  seen  service.  This 
club  is  exactly  like  those  used  by  the  Caribs  of  the  islands,  and  which 
Father  Dutertre  has  described,  but  the  peculiar  part  of  it,  the  thing 
that  gives  it  an  enormous  interest,  is  the  green  celt  fixed  in  its  lower 
extremity.  Now,  this  celt  resembles  all  those  which  I  have  found  in 
Guadeloupe  and  the  other  islands.  Is  it  of  modern  manufacture!  Is 
it  not  rather  the  work  of  the  first  inhabitants  of  the  continent  ?  Das  it 
not  been  found  in  the  soil  and  used  by  its  discoverer?  I  would  decide 
without  hesitation  in  favor  of  the  latter  hypothesis,  for  it  is  covered 
with  a  patina  which  only  a  long  continuance  in  the  soil  could  give  it. 

Here  is  another  fact  which  seems  to  prove  that  the  Caribs  of  Colum- 
bus and  of  Father  Dutertre  are  the  same  as  those  of  Guiana. 

The  exterior  distinguishing  color  is  not  always  that  of  the  sioiie  of 
which  they  are  made.  The  color,  which  is  black,  red,  yellow,  brown, 
or  bluish,  partakes  essentially  of  that  of  the  soil  from  which  they  were 
taken.  Those  from  Grande-Terre,  whose  calcareous  soil  is  covered  with 
a  tliin  layer  of  black  and  compact  vegetable  earth,  all  have  the  colors 
more  or  less  dark — brown,  red,  black — while  those  from  Guiulcloupe 
proper,  whose  soil  is  covered  with  a  thick  layer  of  more  or  less  ferru- 
ginous red  earth,  have  the  tints  lighter.  Yellow  specimens  are  numer- 
ous there.     Many  of  them  have  preserved  their  normal  tint.    These 


73G  PAPERS  RELATING  TO  ANTHROPOLOGY. 

are  the  oues  found  near  rivers.  Continually  washed  by  their  waters, 
they  have  not  acquired  the  coating  of  rust  with  which  those  buried  in 
the  ground  are  covered. 

So  true  is  the  above  that  every  fresh  break  shows  the  interior  of  the 
stone  to  be  of  a  different  color  from  the  exterior. 

All  these  rocks  are  volcanic,  and  are  naturally  either  black,  blue,  or 
green. 

This  peculiarity  does  not  generally  exist  in  polished  celts.  The  glaz- 
ing has  unalterably  fixed  the  color  of  the  stone.  They  have,  in  conse- 
quence, remained  free  from  all  oxidation,  and  appear  as  if  just  from  the 
hands  of  the  workman. 

Axes. — Axes  are  more  numerous  than  all  the  other  pieces.  That  may 
be  easily  understood,  the  ax  being  of  prime  utility  to  man.  Some  are 
long  and  narrow,  others  short  and  wide.  Some  are  very  flat,  others 
very  thick.  Some  are  very  small,  while  others  are  of  enormous  size  and 
weight.  I  have  two  weighing,  respectively,  4  kilograms,  750  grams, 
and  4  kilograms,  775  grams.  Some  are  of  very  simple  construction, 
merely  the  natural  stone  of  appropriate  form,  which  a  little  working 
transformed  into  an  instrument;  while  others,  on  the  contrary,  are  true 
masterpieces,  which  will  bear  comparison  with  those  found  in  Denmark 
only.  The  latter  are  very  rare.  They  were  evidently  used  for  purposes 
of  parade,  for  it  cannot  be  allowed  that  the  author  of  such  a  work 
would  have  exposed  it  to  be  broken  at  the  first  shock,  thus  losing  the 
product  of  the  labor  of  several  months,  I  might  even  say  of  several  years. 

The  ax  admits  of  four  distinct  parts — the  head,  the  neck,  the  blade, 
the  cutting  edge. 

The  head  is  sometimes  round,  sometimes  flat,  sometimes  very  small, 
sometimes  as  large  as  the  blade.  Some  axes  have  one  or  several  trans- 
verse grooves,  some  have  none  at  all,  others  a  single  longitudinal  groove. 
The  last  are  very  rare.  Pierced  axes  are  very  rare.  The  holes  served, 
if  they  offer  any  assistance,  to  fasten  the  stone  to  the  handle ;  if  not,  to 
suspend  ornaments.  The  head  played  an  important  part  in  attaching 
the  ax  to  the  handle,  for  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  all  these  axes  had 
handles.  The  small  as  well  as  the  large  ones  were  fixed  on  a  wooden 
handle  by  means  of  cords  made  of  cotton  or  mohot. 

The  neck  is  more  or  less  lengthened.  Sometimes  it  is  formed  by  lat- 
eral notches  only,  but  generally  by  a  circular  depression. 

The  blade  varies  considerably  in  form,  length,  and  thickness.  There 
is  no  proportion  between  it  and  the  other  two  parts. 

The  edge  is  more  or  less  distinct.  In  some  axes  it  is  so  perfect  that 
one  would  think  they  had  been  sharpened  the  day  before. 

I  have  three  double-edged  axes— two  of  moderate  size,  the  other  very 
small.  I  have  four  axes  of  which  the  head  is  prolonged  into  a  long 
tail,  and  which  resemble  (one  of  them  especially)  that  which  has  been 
termed  Montezuma's  ax.  I  have  also  a  certain  number,  both  small  and 
very  large,  with  a  slight  but  decided  protuberance  on  the  lower  part  of 


GUESDE    COLLECTION    OF    ANTIQUITIES    IN    WEST    INDIES.     737 

one  side  of  the  cuttiog  edge,  which  suggests  the  idea  of  <i  tool  appro- 
priated to  some  special  purpose.  Finally,  1  have  some  axes  with  the 
blade  curved  like  that  of  a  cimeter.    These  are  rare. 

Celts. — Celts  vary  much  in  form,  size,  and  color.  Some  are  slender 
with  a  sharp  point,  others  are  massive  with  a  blunt  i)oiiit;  some  are 
broad  and  tlat,  others  narrow  ami  deep;  some  reach  enormous  ])ropor- 
tions,  while  others  are  very  much  reduced  in  size. 

Celts  are  scarcer  than  axes  in  Guadeloupe.  Most  of  them  are  made 
of  a  handsomer,  harder  material  than  that  used  for  axes,  such  as  ser- 
pentine, jade,  or  jadite.  The  fine  glazing  of  the  stone,  also,  is  found 
only  in  celts.  I  have  some,  large  and  small,  made  of  the  volcanic  stone 
used  ordinarily  for  axes.  These  are  very  well  polished,  but  not  glazed. 
This  handsome  glazing  gives  an  exalted  idea  of  the  industry  of  these 
savages,  for  it  could  not  be  done  better  in  our  days. 

The  Caribs  made  use  of  the  living  forces  of  nature  to  fix  the  celts  on 
the  wood.  But  to  introduce  a  celt  into  a  young  tree  and  let  the  tree 
grow  till  the  resistance  was  sufficient,  required  many  years.  1  believe, 
therefore,  that  they  rarely  had  recourse  to  this  process.  They  evi- 
dently folloW'Cd  the  same  method  employed  by  the  Canaques  and  other 
savages  of  the  present  century  ignorant  of  the  use  of  metals,  whose 
celts  do  not  differ  from  those  found  in  our  islands.  This  method  con- 
sisted in  fixing  the  stone  by  the  aid  of  very  fine  cords  in  a  socket  pre- 
pared in  the  wooden  handle. 

I  must  not  forget  to  mention  the  shell  celts.  These  are  not  made  of 
living  shell,  which  would  not  have  been  hard  enough  for  the  purpose, 
but  of  fossil  shell.  They  are  very  rare.  They  were  extracted  from  the 
outer  edge  of  the  Stromhtis  gigas^  very  common  in  the  Caribbean  Sea. 

It  is  to  be  supposed  that  the  glazed  celts  were  rather  warlike  weapons 
than  instruments  of  labor,  for  they  offer  more  resistance  in  proportion 
to  their  size,  and  we  know  besides  that  the  savages  used  in  war  what- 
ever had  most  A'alue  in  their  eyes.  The  very  large-sized  celts  must  have 
served  as  wedges  in  splitting  trunks  of  trees. 

Casse-tetes. — The  cassetete  type  is  furnished  by  a  stone,  either  round 
or  with  bilateral  facets,  in  the  center  of  which  is  a  more  or  less  deep 
groove  for  the  wooden  handle.  One  can  easily  conceive  the  power  of 
such  a  weapon  wielded  by  a  muscular  arm  in  hand-to-hand  combat. 

Some  are  more  perfect  in  form  than  others.  Every  one  was  free  to 
fashion  so  important  a  weapon  as  best  suited  him. 

But  what  astonishes  the  observer  is  the  small  size  of  one  of  these 
relics.  Evidently  it  could  have  been  only  an  amulet,  worn  with  the 
idea  of  preserving  its  owner  from  the  blows  of  the  weapon  it  represented. 

Other  casse-tetes  were  used  without  handles.  Only  two  types  figure 
in  my  collection.     This  weapon  had  not  the  value  of  the  preceding. 

Pestles,  grinders. — Pestles  and  grinders  are  of  various  forms  and  sizes. 
My  collection  includes  a  certain  number  of  them.     1  possess  a  single 
specimen,  which  was  used  with  both  hands. 
S.  iMis.  o6 ■17 


738  PAPERS  RELATING  TO  ANTHROPOLOGY. 

Mortars.— ^ilortars  are  not  very  numerous.  This  is  explained  by  tlw 
fact  that  any  hard  stone  which  was  flat  and  smooth  would  take  thei 
place.  The  complete  mortar  could  have  been  only  an  article  of  luxui 
belonjiinj;:  to  a  cacique. 

Shall  I  designate  as  mortar  that  rounded  concave  stone  with  regular 
grooves  descending  from  the  central  point  to  the  rim  ?  Although  quite 
hollow  on  its  lower  surface,  I  do  not  think  it  could  have  been  anything 
but  the  lid  of  a  large  vase,  grooved  or  fluted  in  like  manner.  In  fact 
this  mortar  would  have  had  no  fixed  position.  It  could  not  remain 
stationary  in  the  position  necessary  to  make  use  of  it.  Or  should  we 
not  rather  think  that  the  maker  of  this  piece  wished  to  represent  a  mili- 
form  cactus  so  common  in  the  Antilles  ?  And  in  this  case  should  we  not 
rather  class  it  among  the  idols?    (Fig.  172.) 

Dishes. — There  are  but  two  dishes  in  my  collection :  1st.  A  large  one 
of  rude  workmanship.  The  concavity  only  is  polished;  the  exterior 
rough  and  very  irregular.  2d.  A  small  one  of  very  remarkable  finish. 
It  is  in  fact  very  well  polished  on  all  its  inner  and  outer  surfaces. 

Harpoon. — One  single  harpoon,  slightly  broken  at  the  three  extremi- 
ties. The  absent  parts  can,  however,  easily  be  restored  in  following 
the  lines  traced  on  the  body  of  the  piece.  This  instrument  is  very 
remarkable. 

Hoolis.—l  have  two  hooks  very  different  in  form.  Both  are  a  little 
broken,  but  easy  to  reconstruct  by  following  the  method  indicated 
above. 

Awls. — Awls  are  rare.  My  collection  includes  only  two  of  them,  but 
I  must  state  that  the  material  employed  is  harder  than  that  of  the 
ordinary  tools  and  instruments. 

Chisels. — Chisels  are  numerous  and  of  various  forms  and  sizes.  The 
basil  of  the  cutting-edge  is  perfect.  Some  of  them  are  made  of  the 
same  material  used  in  the  fine  celts,  and,  like  the  latter,  have  the 
handsome  glazing  mentioned  above. 

Vases. — I  have  only  two  vases.  One  is  of  guaiacum.  The  handle  is 
perfectly  isolated  from  the  body  of  the  vase.  This  piece  is  of  very  great 
interest.  As  the  guaiacum  is  incorruptible,  we  need  not  be  surprised 
that  it  has  come  down  to  us.  It  was  found  at  Bertram  Creek,  the  last 
quarter  of  Guadeloupe  inhabited  by  the  Caribs.  Its  edges  are  worn 
and  hacked,  and  bear  evidence  of  having  been  a  long  time  in  the  earth. 
I  have  seen  a  small  tortoise  of  the  same  wood  found  in  a  cave  at  St. 
Vincent. 

The  other  in  my  possession  is  of  stone.  It  is  an  astonishing  piece 
from  its  general  regularity  and  its  contour. 

Shall  I  class  among  the  vases  that  small  cup  with  a  rather  long' 
spout?    It  rather  resembles  a  spoon,  and  I  think  that  it  might  be  des- 
ignated as  such,  taking  into  consideration  the  break,  which  leads  us  to 
suppose  that  a  prolongation  forming  a  handle  formerly  existed. 


GUESDE    COLLECTION    OF    ANTIQUITIES    IN    WEST    INDIES.    739 

yetting -needles. — There  is  one  small  netting-ueedle,  very  well  luaUe 
md  very  regular,  which  evidently  seived  to  net  cotton,  and  two  other 
arger,  more  massive  ones,  which  served  to  prepare  cords. 

Idols. — The  idols  are  six  in  number. 

1st.  One  representing  a  man  extended  on  his  back,  the  legs  bent 
iiuler  him,  the  arms  applied  to  the  chest,  the  head  covered  with  a  cap, 
the  sexual  organs  very  conspicuous.  It  is  well  finished  and  must  have 
cost  years  of  diligent  labor.     (Fig.  200). 

2d.  One  representing  a  man  on  one  face  and  a  monkey  on  the  other, 
is  very  interesting  (Fig.  210).  It  was  found  at  Matouba.  The  work 
on  this  statuette  is  rude.  The  hand  that  made  it  was  wanting  in  skill. 
But  what  shall  we  say  of  the  genius  which  inspired  this  combination  of 
man  and  monkey!     Should  we  not  consider  Darwin  only  a  plagiarist! 

3d.  Another  found  in  Guadeloupe,  of  the  same  type  as  that  from 
Porto  Rico,  but  much  larger  and  so  rough  that  it  cannot  be  determined 
what  it  represents.    The  under  surface  is  slightly  concave. 

4th.  A  small  granite  pyramid,  with  three  grooves  or  furrows  on  its 
lower  part.     It  was  found  on  the  island  of  D^sirade. 

oth.  A  head  with  two  faces  surmounted  by  a  Phrygian  cap.  This 
head  was  to  be  fixed  on  another  stone  or  a  piece  of  wood  forming  the 
body  of  the  idol,  for  it  is  much  too  heavy  to  admit  of  the  supposition 
that  it  was  carried  in  the  hand.  I  have  vainly  searched  for  this  com- 
plemental  lower  portion  at  the  place  where  I  found  the  head. 

With  this  last  idol  we  must  place  an  ax  and  one  other  piece,  both 
having  lines  identical  with  those  of  the  idol  head.  I  think  they  repre- 
sent faces. 

Amulets. — The  principal  amulet  is  of  carbonate  of  lime  in  bladed 
crystallization.  It  represents  a  maboya  (evil  spirit)  with  bended  arms 
and  legs,  and  the  virile  organ  in  a  state  of  action.  The  shoulders  are 
pierced  posteriorly  to  allow  of  the  suspension  of  the  amulet.  The 
other  amulets  are  medallions  of  different  sizes,  more  or  less  round,  all 
pierced  with  a  small  hole  to  admit  of  suspension.  I  have  a  single 
small  crescent  of  stone,  an  evident  representation  of  the  caracoli  of 
metal.  This  crescent  must  have  been  set  in  wood,  unless  it  was  pro- 
vided with  a  cotton  string  terminating  at  each  extremity  in  a  small 
cord  for  suspension. 

Disks  or  quoits. — I  have  six  disks,  large  and  small.  One  especially 
is  a  very  remarkable  piece  of  work.  There  is  no  doubt  about  the 
determination  of  these  relics.    The  Caribs  played  quoits. 

Edicule. — A  small  monument  having  handles  on  each  side,  on  top  of 
the  handles  a  platform  disappearing  under  a  vault.  There  is  a  hole  in 
the  middle,  presumably  the  place  for  an  idol.  This  relic  is  very  curious, 
and  reminds  one  of  the  Mexican  teocalli.     (Fig.  194). 

Chisels  of  shell. — Besides  the  various  stone  tools,  my  collection  in- 
cludes a  series  of  very  fine  chisels  extracted  from  the  outer  edge  of  the 


740  PAPERS  RELATING  TO  ANTHROPOLOGY. 


( 


Strnmhtis  (jigns.  This  i)art  of  the  shell  is  very  thick  and  harder  than 
stone.  It  is  certain  that  the  Caribs  did  not  use  the  living  Strombns, 
but  \rere  careful  to  take  the  fossil  Strombi,  which  had  in  time  acquired 
the  hardness  of  ivory. 

Sto7U'  for  making  axes. — I  have  in  my  possession  a  very  interesting 
stone,  which  has  inscribed  on  it  the  use  for  which  it  was  intended.  It 
has  concavities  on  three  of  its  surfaces.  It  is  evidently  a  kind  of 
grind-stone,  on  which  stones  were  rubbed  in  order  to  shape  them. 

Since  writing  the  above,  I  have  had  the  good  fortune  to  discover  in 
Graude-terre,  in  a  piece  of  ground  which  had  not  been  plowed  for  60 
or  SO  years,  two  tools  of  flaked  tlint— a  knife  and  hacking-knife.  This 
discovery  somewhat  modifies  the  theory  held  to  this  day  by  writers  on 
America  that  faked  Jimt  does  not  exist  iu  the  Antilles. 

It  is  very  evident  however  that  these  two  flints  were  not  dug  from 
the  soil  of  the  island  and  then  flaked  by  their  possessor,  for  this  stone 
does  not  exist  in  Grande-terre  or  Guadeloupe  in  a  state  of  nature. 

These  two  Jiaked  flints  establish,  in  an  irrefutable  manner,  the  fact 
of  a  migration  of  men  from  the  valleys  of  the  Orinoco  towards  the 
islands. 

I.   UNPOLISHED   IMPLEMENTS. 

These  do  not  form  a  class  apart,  but  they  are  exceedingly  useful  as 
showing  the  method  of  blocking  out  the  more  elaborate  implements, 
when  nature  has  not  supplied  a  polished  pebble  sufficiently  near  to  the 
desired  pattern.  The  three  methods  of  chipping,  j)icking,  and  grinding 
are  all  outlined  in  this  group  (Figs.  1-8). 

..,..iv;i" '  -      '  *■'*-.. 


%.-^  p  "  '   '  % 

^^  -'3 

Fig.  1. 

Fig.  1.  An  uusyinmetrical,  rude  blade,  of  mottled  brown  and  gray 
color.  The  surfaces  are  nearly  as  they  were  left  by  the  removal  of  great 
spalls;  but  the  edge  is  ground,  and  has  that  peculiar  slope  belougini: 
to  old  axes  battered  on  the  corner  away  from  the  workman.  There  i.^ 
as  yet  no  indication  of  groove  or  haft  notches,  and,  therefore,  if  the 


GUESDE    COLLECTION    OF    ANTlQriTIES    I\    WKST    INDIES.     741 

>]K'cimen  was  used  with  a  liandle,  tlu' blade  iimst  liaxc  'm-cii  inscitrd  or 
laslied  (see  Fig.  14). 

Length,  4i%  inches;  greatest  width,  3  inches. 

Fig.  2.  A  rudely-chipped  blade  of  black  cohir.  Tin-  outlim-  is  ln-jl- 
shaped,  and  with  sullicient  giiiiding  and  polish  in.:;-  would  rcsciiibic  sonic 
of  the  more  beautiful  objects  in  the  collection  (see  Fig.  Go  ami  others). 


,..„.;.>r*<r'«' 


;:  . 

■J\i^^ 

^ 

■«'- 

V 

'.\-  ■ 

■V-'  ■-  ■ 

'■'i<-^'  >■ 

^ 

-■■■■■-■/■  vv-v./;.::^^::};,w^v^,r^ 
:.:/  '-■'■■-::■--  '■:;^':..;:^--,--.  ■..:,;::;,/v:| 


Fig.  2. 


The  implement  has  already  a  pleasing  outline,  and  the  form  re-api)ears 
in  Costa  Eica  and  Chiriqui,  where  great  numbers  of  celts  of  this  shape, 
but  smaller,  were  recovered. 
Length,  5^  inches  ;  width,  3j%  inches. 


>-y^* 


.^^-. ., 


Fig.  3. 


Fig.  3.  A  chipped  blade  of  veiy  light  brown  surface,  subtriangular 
in  outline.  Much  of  the  surface  is  untouched,  and  there  is  just  enough 
of  lateral  notching,  &c.,  to  show  that  the  great  variety  of  form  in  such 
implements  after  they  are  finished  is  partly  due  to  nature  and  ]>artly 
to  the  workman's  desire  to  ])roduce  a  certain  kiiul  of  imi)lenuMit.     It  is 


742  PAPERS  RELATING  TO  ANTHROPOLOGY. 

very  iiiucli  like  our  liiiiulwritino-;  we  try  to  imitate  certain  copies,  but 
we  only  preserve  the  type  while  we  stamp  our  own  individualities  ujjon 
them.  All  sorts  of  pebbles  lie  at  the  hand  of  the  savage  mechanic, 
none  of  them  jnst  what  he  wants.  He  selects  the  best  and  founds  a 
new  type  for  the  learned  archiieologists.  A  collection  of  pebbles  from 
the  West  Indies  would  be  very  instructive  in  showing  just  how  far 
nature  had  been  the  draughtsman  and  the  teacher  of  the  aboriginal 
artisan.  This  implement,  though  rude,  shows  much  use,  and  rather 
hints  that  fine  polish  is  evidence  of  age  and  much  use  in  many  cases. 
Length,  S-j^  inches ;  greatest  width,  3fo  inches. 


^t&:. 


FIG.  4. 


Fig.  4.  A  coarsely-chipped  blade  of  purplish-brown  surface.  The 
spalls  have  been  taken  off  with  great  boldness  from  the  faces  and  the 
groove.  The  specimen  is  so  broken  at  the  edge  as  to  make  it  uncertain 
whether  it  has  been  used  at  all. 

Length,  1-^  inches ;  width,  4  inches. 


"^1??w 


,^^.:^r^^^^:  '   .^W^ 


„-=»f5 


_ ,    ,     -iv^;"^ 


Fig.  5. 


Fig.  5.  A  chipped  blade  of  beautiful  orange-brown  surface,  which  has  i- 
been  much  modified  by  grinding.  In  type  it  belongs  to  a  low  order  of  1 
axes,  having  only  lateral  notches.    On  the  faces  are  very  slight  haft 


GUESDE    COLLECTION    OF    ANTIgUlTIES    IN     Wi;sr    LNKIKS.     743 

liivities,  sliowing- plainly  tlie  peckin*;.     Flint  iniplciiu-nts  with  siiiuoth 
ed.iies  and  partially  ground  sides  are  (piitc  nunicrons  in   I'nropcan  eol- 
Uetious,  leading  to  the  conviction  tliat  ])()lislu'd  celts  are  of  two  kinds 
those  polished  at  once  and  those  polished  l»y  years  of  grindinJ,^ 
Length,  7^  inches;  width,  i-jV  inches. 


-if' 


^^^Ik'. 


Fig.  6. 

Fig.  6.  A  chipped  blade  of  slate-brown  color.  The  shape  is  that  of 
the  typical  hoe,  the  sides  being  rather  incurved  than  decidedly  notched. 
The  surfaces  are  much  worn  and  the  edge  ground  away  unevenly,  fur- 
nishing another  example  similar  to  those  of  England  and  the  Continent, 
above  noticed,  made  of  flint.  It  is  in  many  cases  <lifficult  to  decide  how 
much  the  change  of  surface  is  due  to  use  and  how  much  is  due  to 
weathering. 

Length,  T-^^  inches  ;  width,  4^  inches. 


/-y: 


\»,% 


.d^*     ,  ?i '•■'."   ;»J 


f 


Fig.  7. 


Fig.  7.  A  chipped  blade  of  light-brown  color.    The  form  decidedly 
resembles  that  of  the  chipped  hoe  occurring  in  many  i)artsof  the  rnitcd 


744  PAPERS    RELATING    TO    ANTHROPOLOGY.  | 

States.  By  this  it  is  not  meant  that  the  maker  of  the  implement  was  an 
afrricnlturist.  There  are  slight  indentations  at  the  sides  for  hafting,  and 
the  ed"-e  is  slightly  worn  off  on  what  we  may  be  allowed  to  call  the  out- 
side. 

Length,  G-^o  inches  ;  width,  4-i%  inches. 

Fig.  8.  A  chipped  blade  of  brown  color  on  the  weathered  portions. 
There  can  be  no  question,  from  the  general  outline  of  this  rude  speci- 
men that  we  have  here  blocked  out,  what  was  designed  to  be  a  finished 


^"^i^i. 


Fig.  8. 

blade  with  small  butt  (Figs.  193, 191).    The  edge  chippiugs  exhibiting  the 
natural  black  color  of  the  stone,  seem  to  be  much  more  recent  than  the 
rest,  and  may  have  resulted  from  accidental  breakage. 
Length,  0  iuches  ;  greatest  width,  Sj^o* 

II.   POLISHED   BLADES    WITHOUT   HAFT-GEOOVES. 

The  typical  "celt"  of  the  West  Indies  is  the  almond-shajjed  variety, 
called  "  petaloid "  by  Mr.  im  Thurn,  so  distinctly  recognizable  that 
John  Evans  receives  an  alleged  Scottish  specimen  of  the  same  shape 
with  suspicion.  But  this  petaloid  or  almond  variety  runs  into  other 
forms,  notably  what  we  might  call  the  Papuan  type.  The  petaloid 
type  was  doubtless  inserted  or  "  perserted  " ;  but  the  flatter  Papuan 
form  was  always  inserted,  and  served  with  sennit  or  other  twine.  The 
hafts  also  were  of  different  shapes;  that  of  the  former  was  straight, 
that  of  the  latter  lambdoidal.  In  certain  portions  of  the  Antilles  the 
greatest  abundance  of  shell  chisels  are  found,  and  it  would  not  be  mar- 
velous to  discover  in  stone  implements  a  close  resemblance  to  some  of 
these. 

When  we  remember  that  we  are  speaking  of  a  maritime  people  who 
had  the  greatest  abundance  of  ship  timber  at  hand  and  leisure  to  work 
it,  and  that  they  had  the  very  best  volcanic  rocks  to  convert  into  imple- 
ments, we  have  only  to  turn  either  to  New  Guinea  or  Queen  Charlotte 


t 


GUESDE    COLLECTION    OF    AXTIQUITIES    IN     \\i;sr    INDlKs      T-l. 


slands  to  reconstruct  in  part  the  lost  social  fabric  of  lliost>  who  usetl  M. 
Guesde's  stoue  adze  blades. 

The  Caribs  had  two  kinds  of  boats — a  very  large  canonia  ami  a  small 
couliala.  both  dug  out  of  a  single  trunk.  The  former  attained  a  h'ngth 
of  40  feet  and  ^^ere  7  or  8  feet  wide.  They  couhl  carry  lilty  persons 
with  arms  and  baggage,  and  were  worked  with  oars  and  sails.  The 
coulialas  were  not  more  than  20  feet  long  and  3  or  4  wide  ;  they  were 
propelled  with  paddles.  The  Indians  of  the  Nt)rthwest  Coast  have  the 
same  distinction  of  dug-outs.  In  the  National  ^lusenm  at  Washington 
_may  be  seen  both  the  immense  family  boat,  over  GO  feet  long,  and  the 
smaller,  more  shapely  whaleboat,  about  12  feet  long,  from  the  same 
people,  carved  from  the  Thuja  gigantea. 


FUi.  9. 


Fig.  9.  A.  celt  or  blade  of  the  simplest  form,  and  dark  brown  in 
color.  In  this  specimen  we  have  an  example  of  economy  in  working. 
Just  as  the  ancient  flint-workers  of  France  began  their  celts  by  grind- 


Fie.  10. 


>jt1' 


m- 


'^'^^^^^'^^^^^Sl^&mm^^., 


Fig.  11. 


ing  down  the  edge  of  a  chipped  core;  so  the  ancient  West  Indian  levied 
upon  2^ature  for  all  the  work  he  could  extort  from  her,  and  was  more 
fortunate  than  his  brethren  of  France,  for  Nature  did  his  polishing  for 


746  PAPERS  RELATING  TO  ANTHROPOLOGY. 

him.  There  woiiUl  seem  to  be  two  edges  to  this  specimen,  but  the] 
smaller  one  is  si  little  modilied  from  the  natural  shape. 

Length,  7^  inches;  width,  2  inches. 

Figs.  10  and  11.  Two  blades  or  celts  of  brown  surface  and  highly 
l)olished.  These  objects  should  certainly  be  called  chisels  if  any  are  to 
receive  that  name.  Figure  10  has  sloping  sides,  while  in  Fig.  11  they 
are  almost  parallel.  The  outline  of  each  is  perfectly  symmetrical  and 
the  edges  so  neatly  bevelled  as  almost  to  create  a  suspicion  of  their  sav- 
af'e  origin.  These  specimens  would  be  considered  unique  in  any  area  of 
lithic  culture,  and  certainly  the  West  Indies  have  produced  no  others 
similar.     (See  Timehri  i,  p.  265,  1-7.) 

Length  of  10,  6^%-  inches ;  of  11,  5^^  inches. 


Fig.  12. 

Fig.  12.  Polished  blade  from  Few  Caledonia.  The  material  is  of  a 
clear  green  color  resembling  jade.  Professor  Baird  has  given  the  name 
jadoid  to  this  whole  class  of  minerals  so  well  known  to  archaeologists. 
This  shape  is  well  known  throughout:  the  Papuan  area,  most  of  the 
blades  being  mounted  in  curiously-wrought  lambdoidal  handles,  very 
thin  and  wide  above  and  at  the  blade.  The  wonder  is  how  such  tools 
could  have  been  used  with  any  effect  (see  Fig.  14). 

Length,  o-^\  inches ;  width,  3  inches. 


Fig.  13. 


Fig.  13.  Polished  blade  from  Is^ew  Caledonia,  of  light-mottled  green 
color.  It  resembles  Fig.  12  in  general  appearance,  but  the  edge  has 
been  much  used,  indicated  clearly  by  the  battering  on  the  outer  side. 

Length,  7^%  inches  ;  width,  3-^^  inches. 


GUESDE    COLLECTION    OF    ANTIQUITIES    IN    WEST    INDIES.    747 

Fig.  U.    Hatted    blade   from    New   Guinea,  of    dark-ijreeii    colored 
material,  probably  serpentine.  The  lambdoidal  haft  and  the  serving  are 


Fig.  14. 


shown,  but  M.  Guesde's  figure  conveys  too  much  the  idea  of  an  adze. 
The  plane  of  the  blade  splits  the  haft,  is  not  perpendicular  to  the  i)lane 
of  the  haft. 
Length  of  shank  and  blade,  12^  inches;  width  of  blade,  3  inches. 


Fig  15. 


Fig.  15.  A  beautifully  polished  blade  of  hard,  black  colored  material. 
This  specimen  is  remarkable  for  its  curved  butt,  straight  si(h's.  llattened 


748  PAPERS  RELATING  TO  ANTHROPOLOGY. 

faces,  and  line  edj^e.  The  elongated  hexagon  in  section  is  not  uncom- 
mon in  the  West  Indies,  and  occurs  very  frequently  in  Costa  Rica.  The 
bent  bntt  of  the  blade  is  a  very  common  feature  in  shell  blades.  Per- 
haps the  only  truth  about  the  shape  is  that  the  savage  found  it  so  and 
let  it  stay. 
Length,  4^-  inches;  greatest  width,  IjV  inches. 

in.   FACES   CONTINUOUS,  SIDES  INCURVED  OR  NOTCHED. 

The  next  type  which  is  to  be  considered  is  that  in  which  the  faces  are 
continuous  from  the  edge  to  the  opposite  extremity,  but  the  sides,  near 
the  l)utt,  have  been  modified  in  various  ways,  apparently  to  aid  in  haft- 
iug.  The  butt,  or  head,  also  passes  through  a  variety  of  modifications, 
almost  as  numerous  as  the  proximal  end  of  leaves.  Such  implements  or 
forms  have  a  certain  number  of  possibilities.  They  may  have  been  fell- 
ing axes,  hoes,  adzes,  battle-axes,  ceremonial  axes,  or  simply  works  of 
art.  That  is  to  say,  similar  objects  have  been  found  performing  these 
functions  in  dift'erent  parts  of  the  world.  Keverting  to  our  typical  areas 
we  are  at  a  loss  to  proceed.  The  Hi'ida  do  not  use  implements  of  these 
shapes;  the  Mound  Builders  did,  however,  and  many  of  this  class  can  be 
duplicated  in  our  collections. 


'^ 


Fig.  16. 


Fig.  16.  A  long,  slender  blade,  of  blackish-brown  color.  The  butt  is 
irregularly  curved,  and  rimmed  or  hollowed  at  the  notches.  The  haft- 
ing  space  is  hardly  to  be  called  a  notch,  passing  imperceptibly  into  the 
sides  below.  The  latter  are  not  alike  and  the  edge  has  been  recently 
broken.     A  natural  seam  mars  the  surface  from  top  to  bottom. 

Length,  Hi  iu(;hes  ;  greatest  width,  4^. inches. 

Fig.  17.  A  rude  blade,  of  very  dark-colored  material  that  has  weath- 
ered to  a  creamy  yellow  on  the  exposed  surfaces.  The  butt  is  rough 
and  truncated.  The  hafting  spaces  have  different  curves  and  widens 
sharply  to  the  sides  of  the  specimen  ;  the  latter  pass  insensibly  into  the 
edge.  In  Mr.  E.  F.  im  Thurn's  Timehri  Plate  viii,  Fig.  6,  is  a  similar 
lingulate  form,  where  the  sides  continue  to  the  truncated  butt,  and  the 


GUESDE    COLLECTION    OF    ANTlgl'lTlKs    IN     wi.si     I.NDIKS.     749 

little  notches  for  liaftii)g  are  only  abont  onc-l'ourtli  (>t;m  inch  wiilc  :iinl 
deep,  and  are  sqnarely  cut  in. 
Lengthy  7  inches;  greatest  width,  4yV  inches;  notcli.  ;i  inches  wide. 


""grrr^iv 


'•''^. 


Fig.  17. 


^^^'^^..^^. 


.^' 


.  ^^' 


Fig.  18. 


^^ 


"Tf-*"-* 


'•»fv 


r^^. 


■>-v. 


^-•h, 


i- 


v.. 


^^'atij,^ 


Fig.  19. 


lA' 


y 


.^' 


Fig.  18.  A  rude,  massive  blade  of  bright  brown  c(»lor.     The  butt  is 
triangular  in  outline.     The  attachment  of  tlic  liiiiidlc  was  scciircil  by 


750 


PAPERS  RELATING  TO  ANTHROPOLOGY. 


concavities  at  the  sides  and  a  very  slight  pecking  on  the  faces.  The, 
edge  is  niiicli  broken,  and  hirge  fractures  on  the  sides,  as  well  as  the! 
weathering,  give  to  the  implement  the  appearance  of  great  age.  This! 
form  is  very  common  throughout  the  United  States,  especially  in  those 
areas  where  the  aborigines  were  agriculturists. 
Length,  lOJ  inches ;  width,  6^  inches. 
Fig.  19.  A  massive  blade  of  orange-brown  patina.  In  general  appear- 
ance the  specimen  resembles  Fig.  18,  but  the  polish  is  finer  and  the  butt 
more  acute,  the  unlikeness  of  the  two  lateral  hafting  spaces  being 
very  notable.    The  edge  has  been  broken  and  ground  again. 

Length,  11.^  inches;  greatest  width,  5^  inches;  the  edge  could  not 
have  been  more  than  4  inches. 

Fig.  20.  An  elongated  ellipsoi- 
dal blade  of  light-brown  color. 
^      .  a'  ^'^         The  butt  is  gracefully  rounded 

^    and  rimmed  or  bent  down  over 
f  "S  thenotcheslike  therimof  apot. 

',  The  latter  notches  pass  insensi- 
*   bly    into    the    unsymmetrical 
sides. 
««!.-!»-"->•'  Length,  5  inches;  width,  2-^^ 

inches. 


^ 


Fu,.  2U. 


h 


'^. 


Fig.  21. 

Fig.  21.  An  enormous  blade  of  cafe  au  lait  color,  not  only  the  largest 
in  ^l.  Guesde's  collection,  but  no  other  has  been  reported  from  this  area 
that  approaches  it  in  size.  The  attractiveness  of  the  specimen  is  equal 
to  its  size.  The  butt,  concavities,  sides,  and  edge  form  one  unbroken 
curve.    A  slight  bulging  on  the  lower  side  and  the  worn  appearance 


GUESDE    COLLECTION    OF    ANTU^HITIKS    IN    WKST    l.NniKS      7.")1 

of  the  edge  on  the  same  side  lead  to  the  siispieioii  that  l>la»l«'s  di"  tliis 
type  were  made  with  iuner  and  outer  sides. 
Length,  12^  inches;  greatest  width,  7','  iiiclii's. 


^<Sf 


\ 
\ 


Fig.  '22.  Fig.  r.i. 

Fig.  22.  A  meri  shaped  l)lade  of  shite-brown  color.  The  interesting 
feature  about  the  specimen  is  that  the  sides  and  butt  are  squared  even 
more  than  is  shown  bj'  the  drawing. 

Length,  4/0  inches  ;  width  of  blade,  3i  inches. 

Fig.  23.  A  thin,  tlat  blade  of  mottled-blue  and  cream-colored  marble. 
In  type  it  is  similar  to  several  in  Sir  Thomas  Graham  Briggs' collection 
from  St.  Vincent  and  Antigua  {Timehri,  11,  203;  in,  111).  ^I.  (lue.sde 
says  that  identical  forms  have  been  found  in  Dutch  Guiana.  Mr.  im 
Thurn  believes  this  form  to  have  been  used  like  a  hoe  or  adze  rather 
than  as  an  ax.  The  side  notches  relegate  the  specimen  to  the  hoe  class. 
Especial  attention  is  here  called  to  the  slight  offset  on  the  left  of  tlic 
butt  and  the  beaked  form  of  the  right.    Both  of  these  features  will 


'"^,. 


^1 


^^i^^'" '"•" 


Fig.  24. 


appear  again  in  many  forms  much  more  elaborated.    This  specimen  was 
found  in  St.  Anne. 

Length,  Tfo  inches;  greatest  width,  Ofy  inches. 


752 


PAPERS    RELATING    TO    ANTHROPOLOGY. 


m^ 


i^H- 


-:;'S; 


/•f-Vf, 


•tx 


■i'lisy 


Fl«.  25. 


".iv. 


'% 


/ 


X 


Fig.  26. 


GUESDE    COLLECTION    OF    ANTIQl'ITIKS    l.\    WKST    INDIES.     753 

Fiji'.  24.  A  bell-shaped  blade  of  brown  ]>atin:i  and  rlon^^atcd  Itndy.  It 
is  difficult  to  conjecture  how  such  a  blade  ctmld  be  Jasteued  in  a  haft. 
There  are  found  in  the  Antilles  frequently  implements  for  Rmo^)thin^', 
sliai)ed  like  this  si)ecinien  inverted.  Tliis  foiin  witli  tln'  cd-i'  at  tin*, 
small  end  is  uni(ine. 

Lenj^th,  5-i*„  inches ;  width  of  blade,  2-^%-  inches. 

F\^.  25.  A  very  plain  blade,  of  lijiht-brown  color,  it  is  rn(h'  and 
iriegular  in  outline,  and  shows  considerable  age.  This  type,  howrvrr, 
is  well  preserved,  one  continuous  line  bouudiugr  the  specimen  fium  one 
extremity  of  the  butt  to  the  other. 

Len<2^th,  o^-q-  inches;  width,  4j'\,  inches. 

Fig.  2G.  A  blade  of  very  light  color,  but  of  better  finish  than  the 
preceding.  The  butt  is  well  curved,  and  the  rest  of  the  outline  forms 
a  coutinuous  curve.  It  is  very  interesting  to  observe  the  multitude  of 
forms  in  which  a  continuous  curve  bounds  the  implement  below  the 
butt. 

Length,  5^  inches;  width,  5-^  inches. 


^,5?«5^H^!SE?S5<V..H^,.. 


X. 


vt»^ 


'^'-' 

K 
k 


^  0 


Fir:.    27. 

Fig.  27.  A  square-edged  blade  of  very  dark  patina.  If  one  were  allowed 
to  use  the  term  ax  for  West  Indian  stone  implements,  thisexample  should 
be  called  a  broad-ax.  The  characteristic  features  are  the  convex  butt, 
the  deep  antero-posterior  notches,  the  very  slight  swelling  ov<'r  Ihe 
notch  on  the  faces,  not  always  shown  in  the  drawing,  the  dissimilar 
sides —  the  one  convex,  the  other  straight — and  the  squared  and  bevi-k-d 
edge.  The  difference  of  sides  again  points  to  the  conclusion  that  these 
savages  had  begun  to  have  a  front  and  rear  to  their  axes. 

Length,  o^  inches;  width,  4^o  inches. 
S.  ]\Iis.  33 48 


754 


PAPERS  RELATING  TO  ANTHROPOLOGY. 


Fi«.  -^-  A  large,  broad  blade,  of  blackish-brown  color,  and  in  contour 
resembling  a  wide-mouthed  jar.  At  the  butt  the  upper  line  is  a  long 
curve  and  the  beaks  quite  slender.    The  lateral  notches  are  tolerably 


I 


k: 


.r^^-li 


#■ 


^'^t' 


y^,. 


B 


'4'^ 
'fi  \ 


Fig.  28. 


"^^ 


Fig.  29. 


/Vv 


symmetrical,  their  lines  passing  gracefully  into  the  sides.    The  edge  is 
squared,  but  broken  on  the  right  corner  and  reground. 

Length,  8^  inches;  width  of  body,  6^  inches;  of  neck,  3  inches;  of 
butt,  5  inches. 


I 


GUESDE    COLLECTION    OF    ANTIQUITIKS    IN     WKM     INKIKS.      7r>5 


Fig.  29.  A  pear-shaped  blade  of  very  dark  material  and  i'x<iiii.site 
polish.  Especial  attention  is  called  to  the  l()nj,'itu(linal  i^Toovt-  at  tlir 
butt,  the  length  of  the  beaks,  the  unequal  notches,  the  asyninu;tr.v  of 
the  sides,  and  the  obliquity  of  the  edg:e.     I'roni  Maric-dulantc. 

Length,  8^  inches;  greatest  width,."),',,  inclics;  width  of  neck,  L'.^.v 
inches. 

Fig.  30.  A  broadly-spatulate  bhide,  nearly  black.  It  is  tolnal.lv 
symmetrical  until  the  sides  nu-rge  into  the  edge.  On  the  nppcr  margin 
are  seven  scallops,  the  same  feature  occurring  in  aiu)ther  type.  M. 
Guesde  thinks  the  scallops  were  useful  in  lashing. 

Length,  7^  inches;  greatest  width,  5/„-  inches. 


Fig.  31. 


Fig.  32 


Fig.  31.  A  hoe-shaped  blade,  of  the  double-beaked  variety  and  light, 
marble  color.  The  beaks  are  reduced  to  the  simplest  form  and  divided 
by  an  emargiuate  curve.  The  lateral  notches  are  not  separatetl  from  the 
other  parts,  their  lines  being  continuous  from  beak  to  beak.  The  highly 
polished  and  finished  condition  of  this  specimen  separate  it  from  the 
agricultural  class,  although  its  shape  is  that  of  the  plantation  hoe.  A 
similar,  but  clumsier,  butt  is  seen  in  im  Thurn's  volume  (Timehri  iii, 
Plate  vii,  Fig.  2).     His  blade,  also,  is  nearly  rectangular. 

Width,  3^  inches ;  width  of  neck,  l^^  inches. 

Fig.  32.  A  massive  blade  of  mottled  yellow  and  brown  color.  Tlie  butt 
is  very  gracefully  rounded  and  rendered  beak-like  by  a  notch  or  chamfer 
on  each  side.  This  feature  of  the  beak  and  crest  should  be  especially 
noticed,  because  it  will  have  a  higher  evolution  further  on.  The  original 
curves  of  the  hafting-space  are  unequal  and  terminate  abruptly  at  the 


756  PAPERS  RELATING  TO  ANTHROPOLOGY. 

sides,  Avhich  are  tolerably  straight.    They  are  also  of  unequal  length, 
and  the  edge  has  the  customary  appearance  of  one  sidedness. 
Length,  S/o  inches  ;  greatest  width,  (K^  inches ;  shank,  3-^0  inches. 


I 


,?f^ 


^. 


'4 


■■'Z       "♦  * 


'-rf 


-1 


.     -        "*  ''■'.';*? V-:.-,  .-,,.«&-.-.^"^k""'' 

yiG.  33.  Fig.  34. 

Fig.  33.  A  massive  blade  of  yellowish-brown  color,  belonging  to  the 
two-beaked  variety.  The  butt  is  narrow  and  deeply  scalloped ;  possibly 
it  was  formerly  mucronate  at  the  apex  and  had  a  double  countersunk 
jierforation.  The  beaks  are  mere  bosses  or  projections.  The  concavi- 
ties of  the  haft-space  are  very  unequal,  preparing  us  for  the  type  further 
on  characterized  as  the  bill-hook  (Figs.  77-83).  The  edge  is  correspond 
ingly  modified. 

Length  10"i^o-  inches  ;  width  5^  inches. 

Fig.  34.  A  finely-polished,  massive  blade  of  dark,  slate-brown  color. 
It  is  of  the  two-beaked  type,  but  severely  plain  and  symmetrical.  The 
butt  is  squarely  truncated,  and  the  beaks  are  without  flutings  of  any 
kind.  There  is  a  double  countersunk  perforation  midway  between  the 
beaks.  No  depressions  are  made  for  hafting,  the  lower  part  being 
shaped  like  a  tunic.  Mr.  im  Thurn  (Timehri,  i,  263,  Fig.  1),  an  interme- 
diate form  between  this  and  the  next  example.  The  crests  are  made 
distinct  by  a  median  square  notch,  and  there  is  just  the  least  attempt  to 
produce  the  long,  trapezoidal  neck  of  our  next  figure.  The  most  re- 
markable feature  about  im  Thurn's  specimen  is  the  engraving  on  the 
face  of  a  lozenge,  having  lunate  figures  above  and  on  either  side.     Sim- 


GUESDE    COLLECTION    OF    ANTIQUITIES    IN    WEST    IM.ll. 


(•M 


ilar  implements  are  reported  to  be  in  tlic  lilackmon-  .Museum,  ».im'  rn.iu 
Guiana. 
Length,  lO-i^o  inches;  width,  o^^  inches. 


f 


mi. 


?■•■.■"■••  .'•■  I 


^^iii;.:.  :..sP-^  '"'% 


Fig.  ;W. 


Fig.  35.  A  very  symmetrical  blade,  of  puri»lish-bhick  jiatina.  The 
butt,  though  very  plain,  belongs  to  the  double-beaked  variety,  and  has 
a  long,  shallow  chamfer  on  the  top.  A  slight  swelling  on  the  sides  of 
the  butt  relegates  this  specimen  to  the  rimmed  class.  It  is  retained 
here,  however,  as  a  connecting  link  to  more  elaborate  forms.  The  haft- 
ing  space  or  neck  is  long,  tapering,  and  shouldered  at  the  sides.  The 
sides  also  taper  outward  and  the  edge  is  unsymmetrical.  The  surface 
of  this  example  is  pecked,  and  it  is  quite  possible  that  it  is  a  "  double- 
eagle"  blade  unfinished. 

Length,  7^  inches ;  width  of  edge,  3-^^  inches ;  of  haft-space,  1^^. 
inches. 

Fig  36.  A  finely-polished  blade,  of  brown  color.  The  general  outline  is 
that  of  ashouldered  hoe-blade.  The  edge  is  quite  regular,  the  tapering 
sides  nearly  alike,  the  neck  symmetrical,  and  the  faces  continuous  nearly 
to  the  perforation.  The  butt  is  flared  out  at  the  sides  like  a  cruteli,  the 
concave  of  which  is  occupied  by  a  narrow,  i)erforated  ridge,  ^^'itll  this 
should  be  compared  a  specimen  from  St.  Vincent  (Timehri,  Vol.  I,  p. 
264,  Fig.  3).     The  latter  is  more  ornamented  on  the  upper  border,  l>Mt 


758 


PAPERS  RELATING  TO  ANTHROPOLOGY. 


tlio  l)(Mly  falls  far  below  that  of  M.  Guesde's  specimen.     A  splendid  ex- 
ample from  St.  Lucia  is  also  in  the  collection  of  Mr.  Cropper.     (Timehri 
I,  263,  tig.  2.) 
Length,  7^  inches ;  greatest  width,  4  inches. 


<f"o 


'%■ 


s^ 

ft 

nj            *• 

oil 

i 
1 

^ 

**-i 

?r»V 

T 

V 

/    ^ 

^ 

J 

*    i 


Fig.  37. 


Fig.  37.  This  beautiful  blade,  up  to  whose  form  the  last  few  specimens 
have  been  leading  us,  is  of  a  dark-green  color,  and  presents  some  inter- 
esting characteristics.  The  butt  resembles  two  eagle  heads  facing 
outward.  The  long  haftspace  or  neck  widens  gracefully  outward  to 
where  it  is  joined  to  the  sides  by  abrupt  shoulders.  The  faces  are 
highly  polished  and  continuous  over  the  entire  specimen.  The  lower 
side  of  the  edge  has  been  broken  and  reground. 

Length,  d^g  inches ;  greatest  width  of  blade,  4^  inches  j  greatest 
width  of  haft-space,  2-j^  inches. 


im 


.^-^/■^> 


«^.  '  ■.  ^«j>'"*?a?;.'*';>y/?i7.'iv.-',''j.v'' 


"•^Ji^tiiii^' ' 


Fig.  38. 


I 


GUESDE    COLLECTION    OF    AN'JH,>riTIKS    IN    WKM     INDIKS.     759 


Fig.  38.  A  massive  aud  graceful  blade  of  dark  sooty-brown  patina, 
tis  iu  perfect  preservation,  highly  polished,  and  almost  jierfeetly  syni- 
metrical.  The  butt  has  the  double  eagle  head,  the  crests  forming  a 
gradiued  depression  in  the  center.  The  haft-si)ace  or  neck  has  in-arly 
parallel  sides,  connected  with  the  body  by  shouhlers.  The  sides  spread 
rapidly  outward  to  meet  the  broad,  finely  curved  edge. 

Length,  1  l-f^  inches ;  width  of  edge,  1-^%-  inches  ;  top  of  blade,  i  luiihcs ; 
width  of  shank,  3  inches  ;  w  idth  of  butt,  5-/^  inches. 


-^'^-  ^^^^^^?jC?^  -"^•'''- ■^' '•'''~^'*^'. '% 


^•^■'^i 


Ipil^igl 


^ti?' 


Flc.  :i9. 

Fig.  39.  An  elaborate  blade  of  deej)  brown  color.  This  specimen 
really  belongs  to  three  of  our  classes.  The  butt  is  two-beaked  and  ])er- 
forated,  the  beaks  with  long,  prominent  crests,  (Fig.  38).  There  is  no 
wide  extension  of  these  beaks,  however,  and  the  long,  tapering  haft- 
space  or  neck  is  abruptlj'  shouldered.  The  body  is  of  the  meat-chopper 
form  to  be  seen  further  on  (Figs.  116-118).    Its  upper  side  has  the  coun- 


Fig.  40. 


7C0 


PAPERS  RELATING  TO  ANTHROPOLOGY. 


tersiink  perforation  to  be  observed  on  several  specimeus  in  this  collec- 
tion. 

Length,  G^  inches ;  width,  4i  inches. 

Fig.  40.  A  double-edged  blade  of  rich  brown  color.  The  butt  is  large 
and  irregularly  rounded.  The  lateral  notches  are  deep  aud  long,  giving 
to  the  object  the  contour  of  a  shoe-sole.  The  curved  sides  approach  each 
other,  reducing  the  edge  to  a  very  narrow  line.  The  faces,  indeed,  are 
continuous,  but  this  is  the  only  mark  in  common  with  its  predecessors. 
The  following  examples  in  this  section  will  all  exhibit  striking  individ- 
ualities. 

Length,  6fo  inches ;  greatest  width,  3  inches ;  width  of  neck,  1^  inches. 


V-?':."!:^:V!iS^:-5!5^?S^/^^?*KVi'^/7j.. 


m- 


•J:i^' 


Fig.  41. 


Fig.  41.  A  long  aud  slender  blade,  of  light  brown  color.  Indeed,  we 
have  here  something  like  a  true  northwest  coast  adze.  The  butt  is 
wedge-shaped.  The  hafting  space  consists  of  a  shallow  notch  on  either 
side  and  a  groove  along  one  side.  The  faces  are  flatfish  and, the  sides 
are  so  inclined  as  to  give  a  slight  curve  to  the  whole  blade. 

Length,  6^  inches ;  width,  1^  inches. 


Fig.  42.  A  blade  of  reddish  brown  color.  It  is  long,  narrow,  hollowed 
on  one  side,  and  slightly  notched  on  the  other.  It  resembles  Fig.  41,  but 
it  is  more  graceful  and  brighter  colored. 

Length,  6^0  inches  ;  width,  1-j^  inches ;  notch,  1^  inches  from  the  top. 

Fig.  43.  A  two-edged  blade,  of  dark  brown  color.  This  object  needs 
only  a  pierced  cylindrical  short  axis  to  bring  it  into  formal  relationship 
with  the  North  American  ceremonial  tomahawks. 

Length,  2  ^  inches. 


GUESDE    COLLECTION    OF    ANTIQUITIES    1\    WEST    INDIES.    7G1 


Fig.  44.  An  unique  blade,  of  dark  biowii  color.  This  spcciiiKMi  is 
noticeable  for  its  very  long  butt  and  short  bhub',  the  fonin'r  \K-iuii  twice 
the  latter.  The  surface  is  also  quite  rough,  the  result  of  pcckiii"-  a 
kind  of  mauipulatiou  very  rare  in  ^[.Guesde's  edged  specimens. 

Length,  3^^  inches;  width  of  edge,  1 1^„  inches. 


Wi^iy^W'' 


'^!^^|^S^ 


'^■iiMl'i^^'''""^ 


Fig.  4:{. 


mm 


.^^0^"^^ 


Fig.  44. 


Ki( 


Fig.  45.  In  this  specimen  we  are  getting  farther  from  the  preceding 
examples,  the  common  bond  being  a  continuous  surface.  This  lilade 
is  black  and  presents  three  edges  of  different  form.  The  lower  resembles 
that  of  an  axe,  the  two  upper  ones  are  different  from  the  lower  and  from 
each  other.  It  would  not  be  difficult  to  lash  this  blade  to  a  handle,  but 
the  form  is  very  rare. 

Length,  4^^  inches  ;  greatest  width,  3^  inches. 


762  I'AI'KRS    RELATING    TO    ANTHROPOLOGY. 

Fijr.  -l^.  A  curiously  formed  blade  of  dark  color,  and  biglily  polished. 
It  is  not  altogether  unlike  Fig.  45,  the  chief  peculiarity  being  tlie  pro- 
jection upon  the  upper  side.  This  characteristic  does  not  appear  on  any 
other  specimen  in  the  collection. 

Length,  Un;  inches;  greatest  width,  S^V  inches. 


^- 


Fig.  4fi, 


Fig.  47.  A  three-edged  blade,  of  very  dark  color  and  veined  with 
white.  It  resembles  Fig.  45,  but  the  workmanship  is  far  superior.  The 
faces  and  sides  are  quite  flat,  giving  a  rectangular  section.  One  feature 
is  to  be  remarked,  not  only  here  but  further  on.  It  is  the  decided  turn 
of  the  edge  to  the  bottom,  making  a  pyriform  curve. 

Length,  8i  inches;  greatest  width,  4-1^0  iuches. 


SS*J»M!V-J*?^^TW^^je:-.^^.^  , 


Fio.  47. 
IV.   BUTT   DISTINCT,   FACES  NOT   CONTINUOUS. 

The  next  form  of  blade  to  be  considered  is  that  in  which  the  butt  or 
head  is  distinct.  This  implies  a  more  definite  hafting-space,  an  encir- 
cling groove  or  neck  of  some  kind  rather  than  autero-posterior  notches 
or  concavities.  It  will  be  seen  by  running  along  the  members  of  this 
section  that  there  are  gradations  of  form,  and  that  this  idea  of  a  sepa- 
rate butt  is  not  co-ordinated  with  any  especial  kind  of  haft-space,  sides, 
faces,  or  edge.     Commencing  with  the  simplest  type  of  ax,  we  pass 


I 


GUESDE    COLLECTION    OF    ANTIQl'ITI  Ks    |\     \\  i.sT    IMUKS.      7(i:i 


"rough  one  series  of  forms  to  tlie  frraceliil  patn-putii:  tlnoii;;!,  anotlicr. 
houklered  variety,  to  the  chopper-kiiife  ijatrcrn. 

It  must  be  repeated  that  uo  such  desij^us  of  classiluMiion  an'  Immv 
,ttributed  to  the  ancient  Antillians,  Tliey  may  or  may  not  havr  Im-.h 
lorainated  by  them.  We  are  only  hmkinj;  at  three  forces  componiKliii;,' 
ind  resolving  to  bring  about  a  great  variety  of  results,  accoi.ling  to 
he  influence  of  each  in  any  example.  These  forces  an*  the  natiirr  ami 
mginal  form  of  the  pebble,  the  tyi)e-form  into  whose  nt'ighborlio(Ml  tin- 
irtist  aimed  to  come,  and  that  sense  and  pride  of  achievement  which 
•ules  in  the  savage  and  civilized  bosom  alike. 


,  ii 


Fig.  48.  KiG.  49. 

Fig.  48.  An  asymmetrical  tongue-shaped  blade  of  yray-brown  color. 
The  butt  is  nearly  flat.  The  groove  is  very  shallow  on  the  faces  and 
deeper  on  the  sides.  The  latter  are  not  curved  alike,  a  feature  rpiite 
common  in  these  West  Indian  specimens.     From  Canoe. 

Length,  i-i-g  inches;  width,  2-fu  inches. 

Fig.  49.  A  very  common  type,  of  chocolate-brown  i)atina.  The  butt 
is  quite  flat  and  bounded  by  a  sharp  rim.  The  haft-space  or  neck  has  no 
boundary  below,  and  the  sides  are  continuous  with  the  edge.    These  fea- 


5 
-3 


^'i  ^ 


•;w»->i,f,x.-v».'' 


tt?>- 


Fig.  50. 


764 


PAPERS  RELATING  TO  ANTHROPOLOGY. 


tures,  with  greater  or  less  rudeness,  are  characteristic  of  the  class  now 
under  consideration.     From  Abyiues. 

Length,  4  inches;  width  of  neck,  1^^  inches;  of  blade,  8^^  inches. 

Fig.  50.  A  very  unsym metrical  meri-shaped  blade  of  seal-brown  color. 
The  butt  is  conoid,  with  irregular  base,  and  overhangs  like  a  cham- 
pignon. The  pyriform  outline,  to  be  subsequently  considered,  is  quite 
marked  in  this  specimen.     The  edge  is  oblique  and  very  irregular. 

Length,  7i  inches;  greatest  width,  3}^  inches;  least  width,  -^  inch. 

Fig.  51.  An  unique  blade,  semi-ovoid  in  shape,  made  of  smooth  ma- 


IE-' 


FlG.  51. 


GUESDE    COLLECTION    OF    ANTIQUITIES    IX    WEST    INDIES.     765 


''Cerial  of  a  dark  brown  color.  ]\r.  Gncsdo  coni]);iros  the  vi}<rv  with  that 
of  a  yataghan.  In  American  ardiicolony  its  general  ontline  is  that  uf 
rhe  "woman's"  knife,  so  common  in  collections  of  Enkim(>  iinphMiHMits. 
The  latter  are  mere  blades  of  slate,  to  be  inscrtj'd  into  :i  gn«>ved  han<lle. 
In  a  large  collection  of  these  in  the  National  ^Insemn  then-  is  :i  /r.-Mr 
iliversity  in  the  method  of  attaching  a  handle. 

Length,  6^%  inches  ;  width,  3i  inches  ;  width  of  gr<)ov«',  1  ,'„ mtlics. 

Fig,  52.  A  very  plain  blade,  of  deep  brown  color.  It  consists  of  two 
elements — the  ronnded  bntt,  bonnded  by  a  much  fainter  line  than  the 
drawing  shows,  and  the  right  portion,  conforming  to  the  tyi)e  we  arc  now 
considering.  The  asymmetry  of  sides  and  edge  is  again  thrust  promi- 
nently into  view.  This  type  is  said  by  im  Thnrn  to  occur  in  n-uuirk- 
able  abundance  in  St.  Lucia  and  St.  Vincent. 

Length,  8  inches;  greatest  width,  4i^  inches. 


%;v-v:^li^^s^^'*^r-;V 


i;Ki!«uii«-"-''" 


Fig.  52. 


:-»t. 


-% 


,.:::p;^;--:;/:.-::-:^ 


%■ 


Fig.  53. 


76G  PAPERS  RELATING  TO  ANTHROPOLOGY. 

Fig.  53.  A  very  gracefully  outlined  blade,  of  drab  material.  The  butt 
is  gently  rounded  and  bounded  by  a  trenchant  rim,  whose  plane  is 
curved  upward  in  the  middle.  All  the  other  parts  are  continuous. 
The  sides,  however,  remind  us  how  averse  the  ancient  Antillians  were 
to  symmetry. 

Length,  S/o  inches;  width,  4-,\  inches. 


Fig.  54. 

Fig.  54.  This  figure  represents  a  large  and  beautiful  blade,  very  heavy 
and  close-grained,  and  black  in  color.  It  would  take  a  strong  arm  to 
wield  this  implement.  In  shape  it  approaches  still  nearer  to  the  Kew 
Zealand  men,  but  the  handle  is  still  too  wide.  The  sides  are  very  much 
alike.    From  St.  Eose. 

Length,  9^  inches;  greatest  width,  5^^^  inches  ;  neck,  2^^  inches. 


■    .,..;:.,.# 

Fig.  55. 

Fig.  55.  A  long,  thin  blade  of  peculiar  pattern,  and  dark  brown  in 
color.  The  butt  is  large  in  proportion  to  the  body.  The  two  sides  do 
not  quite  correspond,  and  the  edge  is  adapted  to  this  fact,  showing  just 
the  slightest  tendency  to  the  bill-hook  variety,  to  be  described  further 
on. 

Length,  8  inches  ;  greatest  width,  2fQ  inches. 

Fig.  56.  A  broad,  meri-shaped  blade  of  dark  surface.  The  butt  is 
small,  rounded,  and  overhanging.  The  lower  side  is  much  more  promi- 
nent. The  whole  appearance  of  this  specimen  indicates  that  it  came  t(? 
its  present  shape  without  much  artificial  modification. 

Length,  7^o  inches ;  width,  4-^,  inches. 


GUESDE    COLLECTION    OF    ANTIQUITIES    IN    WEST    1  M.IKS.     7(J7 

Fig.  57.  A  broad,  inerTsbapcd  blade  of  dark  scalbrowu  colcr.  Kx- 
ceptiug  the  slight  fractures  on  the  face,  the  iini.U'iiuMit  is  i.crfrct,  iinU'SH 
the  truncated  portion  on  the  lower  side  at  the  edge  is  an  attcrtlHmght, 


f'' 


Fig.  56. 


having  been  ground  off  to  hide  a  break.    We  are  now  apj.roachlng  th(^ 
real  m^ri  and  may  imagine  ourselves  in  the  neighborhood  of  New 
Zealand. 
Length,  5  inches;  width,  3J  inches ;  neck,  1^  inches. 


w 


irf 


Fig.  57. 

Fig.  58.  A  beautifully  polished  blade  of  light  brown  color.  It  fs 
meri-shaped.  The  butt  is  gently  rounded,  bounded  by  a  ridge,  <iirv«'d 
transversely  in  a  "line  of  beauty,"  and  ornamented  with  iiiiu'  inaiii- 
miform  i)rotuberances.  The  other  elements  form  one  continuous  and 
graceful  outline,  save  a  slight  fracture  on  the  right  extremity  of  tlu'  edge- 

Length,  G^  inches;  Midth,  4:i\,-  inches;  width  of  neck,  '2-^\,  inches. 

Fig.  59.  A  broad,  meri-shaped  blade  of  bright  brown  color.     The 


768 


PAPERS  RELATING  TO  ANTHROPOLOGY. 


butt  is  very  slightly  rounded  and  the  neck  or  handle  almost  long 
enough  for  the  hand.     There  is  a  very  slight  division  In  this  specimen 
between  the  butt  and  the  neck,  and  between  the  sides  and  the  edge. 
Length,  8  inches ;  width,  6  inches. 


\-^t^-^^-   ,.. 


'f  : 


'^MA 


:■■-.■:.••■.  '^..^-^^ 


■-•V:'- 


Hv^ 


'CW 


"m^ 


Fig.  58. 


t>»SM"' 


Fig.  60.  This  blade  of  green  and  brown  mottled  appearance  approaches 
nearer  still  to  the  typical  meri.  The  butt  is  formed  by  a  bent  surface 
having  a  rim  about  two  millimeters  in  thickness.  The  neck  or  handle  is 
nearly  three  Inches  long.  The  straight  and  the  bulging  side  can  read- 
ily be  seen  here,  and  the  edge  shows  good  signs  of  use.  From  Lamen- 
ton. 


GUESDE    COLLECTION    OF    ANTIQUITIES    IX   WEST    INI. IKS.     7<JM 


Fig. 


Length,  7^  inches;  width  of  butt,  2  inches;  of  neck,  l-,^„  inches;  of 
blade,  3^^  inches. 


i 


J? 


.    ,-.    ViS 

.■•■:A 

&:^'-'    /■ 

•■/■   --.VV-iA 

/SyV'".  ;.'/.'-•  •■ 

•',..*■*         ;■'..■.'  f-^ 

#;^"'''"' 

'■'!^ 

fe -^ 

r? 

^^ '-- 

'vyp- 


Fig.  60. 


Fig.  61. 


Fig,  61.  A  very  finely  polished,  massive  blade  of  black  color.     Tho 
meri  shape  is  apparent,  but  the  general  appearance  is  too  stout  an<l 
broad.    Especial  attention  is  called  to  the  unlikeuessof  the  sides.    The 
S.  Mis.  ?,?, 10 


70 


PAPERS    RELATING    TO    ANTHROPOLOGY. 


right  is  not  unlike  many  others,  with  a  tapering  neck  shouldered  at  the 
side.  The  left  side  repeats  this  character,  adding  sinuosities  on  the 
side  below  the  neck.  The  edge  is  quite  symmetrical,  and  the  specimen 
is  a  very  attractive  one.     From  Marie  Golante. 

Length,  OA  inches;  width  of  butt,  3/o  inches;  of  neck,  3  inches; 
greatest  width  of  blade,  S^^  inches. 

Fig.  62.  Ifew  Zealand  meri,  introduced  here  by  M.  Guesde  to  illus- 
trate the  type  and  climax  of  blade  which  is  now  under  consideration. 
The  material  is  a  green  jadoid.    Gustav  Klemm  draws  attention  to  the 


I 


.}!V'''.W'«jf. 


1; 

Jv<ii.. 

:i:-;-i-vi^ 


Fig.  C3. 


.# 


m 


B 


Fig.  62. 


Fig.  G4. 


GUE8DE    COLLECTION    OF    ANTIQUITIES    I\    WEST    INDIKS.     771 

fact  that  on  the  coast  of  New  Zeahiiid  extensive  layers  of  Hat  and  Ida.U'- 
shaped  pebbles  of  nephrite  furnish  the  natives  with  ready  niat«'nals  fur 
the  fabrication  of  Iiatchets,  knives,  and  oth«'r  iinph'iiuMits.  No  U'ss  trui* 
is  it  that  in  tin-  West  Indies,  wliere  no  cah-areous  llint  occurs,  ''Naitun-. 
the  kind  old  nurse,  took  her  child  upon  her  kner,"  and  taujjht  hiiu  to 
utilize  the  materials  at  hand  for  their  convenience"  and  liappiiifss.  Tlir 
term  mer  (pronounced  may-ree)  is  in-efencd  to  i>atu,  tlic  latter  tnin 
meaning'  f^enerically  any  striking;  weapon. 

Length,  13  inches ;  width,  3-j%  inches. 

Fig.  G3.  .1  blade  of  slaty-black  material.  The  butt  is  very  small  and 
knob  like,  and  the  haft-space  shallow.  The  sides  widen  out  unevcnlv 
so  as  to  give  the  contour  of  a  scapula  or  handax.  The  form  is  rare, 
and  serves  to  connect  the  ruder  meri  with  the  two  following  examph's. 

Length,  6  inches  j  width,  o-n,-  inches. 


.-••V-'^.-AV 


"r*---. 


.^<-:  ''V' 


"SS 


:i-'^:~'. 

^^'-: 


■^MiHui^ 


Fig.  65. 


•72 


PAPERS    RELATING    TO    ANTHROPOLOGY. 


Fig.  (54.  A  blade  of  the  liaiul-ax  type,  of  a  bright  brown  patina.  The 
bntt  is  gradined  in  a  peculiar  manner  and  bounded  by  a  prominent  ridge. 
The  work  of  ornamenting  the  butt  is  admirably  done,  giving  the  ap- 
pearance of  hollow  dishes  fitting  one  into  another.  The  unsymmetrical 
sides  are  also  visible  here,  although  the  implement  does  not  show  much 
use.  A  similar  butt  and  edge  with  parallel  sides  is  seen  in  a  specimen 
from  St  Vincent,  belonging  to  E.  B.  Griffith  {Timehri,  ill,  p.  Ill,  Fig.  5), 
and  a  very  much  ruder  specimen  in  Fig.  1,  p.  264,  of  Volume  i. 

Length,  5  inches ;  width  of  edge,  4  inches  ;  of  neck,  2  Inches. 

Fig.  <).").  A  finely  polished  blade  of  brown  color.  This  is  one  of  the 
most  beautiful  specimens  in  the  collection.  The  butt  has  a  bounding 
ridge  very  jirominent,  the  curved  surfaces  above  and  below  nearly  alike. 
Two  gradines  above  this  are  carved  in  the  shape  of  an  opera  hat  or  the 
sheath  ot  the  lace  palm  doubled  in  and  dented  on  the  top.  The  unlike 
sides  are  very  well  seen  here. 

licngth,  5iV  inches  ;  greatest  width,  4-jio  inches. 


I 


.^^ 


^smmt 


m: 


i^i^ 


.*ir; 


s^^ 


Fig.  66. 


^Mt-'-'^!&0^4^^^ii^^^^W^ 


s^ 


Fig.  GO.  A  very  common  form  of  blade,  of  light  brown  color.  The 
butt  is  coarsely  made  and  slightly  ridged.  The  hafting  or  lateral  notches 
very  unlike,  which  also  causes  asymmetry  in  the  sides  and  edge.  This 
specimen  will  serve  as  an  introduction  to  what  may  be  called  the  meat- 
chopper type,  more  fully  developed  further  on.    From  Marie  Golante. 

Length,  4J  inches  ;  width  of  blade,  S-j^g-  inches. 

Fig.  67.  A  very  smoothly  finished  blade,  but  of  the  same  type  as  the 
last  and  very  dark  in  color.  Without  ornamentation  or  wear,  the  parts 
are  all  strikingly  distinct. 

Length,  .5  j%  inches ;  width,  4^0  inches. 


GUESDE    COLLECTION    OK    ANTIQUITIES    I\    WEST    INKIKS.     773 

Fig.  G8.  A  very  common  form  of  blade  of  soal-lnnw n  cnUn\  tu'vuiiuaiit 
have  been  cut  from  a  simple  pebble  by  excavatiii;,^  an  encircling'  groove, 
hooded  above  and  running  out  on  the  sides  and  laces.  The  dilfcn-ncc 
of  depth  in  the  groove  between  the  sides  and  the  faces  is  wrll  marked 
by  the  contour  of  the  neck  on  its  lower  border.  Tln'  asymmetry  no 
frequently  noticed  is  very  strong  here. 

Length,  2-^%  inches;  width,  2  inches. 


..ejjr^^^^«f.j..,^ 


'~"-^-^':^«a 


€: 


Fig.  68. 


Fig.  69. 


Fig.  79.  A  much  worn  blade  of  black  color.  The  original  shape  may 
have  been  like  a  meri,  but  constant  grinding  has  brought  it  more  to  the 
chopper  form. 

Length,  3J  inches ;  width,  3yo  inches. 

Fig.  70.  A  much  worn  blade  of  black  color,  (}uite  like  the  njodern 
chopping  knife,  or  Eskimo  woman's  knife.  The  butt  is  rough  and  small, 
the  neck  long  and  taiiering,  suddenly  widening  below  to  the  edge.  From 
one  of  the  islets  of  Pointe-4-Pitre. 

Length,  3j^  inches  ;  neck,  1  inch ;  width  of  blade,  3--^^-  inches. 


'■■ly 


.^ 


1 


Fui.  70. 


Fig.  71. 


774 


PAPERS  KEIaTING  TO  ANTHROPOLOGY. 


Fig.  71.  A  blade  of  very  dark  color,  which  in  outline  resembles  a 
shoemaker's  hainuier.  The  butt  is  nearly  as  wide  as  the  blade,  neatly 
curved,  and  bounded  by  a  tlat  border.  The  neck  is  gracefully  curved 
and  hooded.  The  faces  are  flat  as  if  much  worn.  A  portion  of  the 
edge  is  wanting.     From  Marie-Golante. 

Length,  G  inches;  width  of  blade,  4^  inches;  of  neck,  l-^^o- i  aches ; 
of  butt,  3^  inches. 

Fig,  72.  A  very  symmetrical  and  substantial  looking  blade  of  dark 
brown  color.  The  lines  on  this  specimen  are  all  nearly  true,  but  the 
noticeable  feature  is  the  appearance  every  where  of  sharp  boundaries. 
The  butt  is  bordered  below  by  a  flat  band,  and  a  chamfered  surface  on 
both  faces  bounds  the  haft  space  or  neck  and  the  edge.  Here  we  have 
the  chopper  shape  completely  developed. 

Length,  5^  inches;  width,  4^  inches. 


I- 


W 


Fig.  72. 


Fig.  73.  A  chopper-shaped  blade,  very  thin  and  well  preserved,  of 
brown  color.  The  lines  on  this  specimen  are  still  more  sharply  defined, 
but  the  edge  has  no  bevel.  Especial  notice  should  be  taken  of  the 
square  sides,  giving  a  true  rectangular  section  to  the  haft-space,  and  the 
hooks  at  the  ends  of  the  edge. 

Length,  3-j^  inches ;  width  of  butt,  l-^^  inches ;  of  neck,  1-^  inches ; 
of  blade,  i^^o  inches. 

Fig.  74.  An  ornamental  blade  of  the  chopper-knife  variety,  and  in 
color  a  seal  bro.vn.  By  comparing  this  with  the  last  specimen  an  ad- 
vance in  elaboration  will  be  noticed  in  the  curves  and  gashes  at  the 
extremities  of  the  edge. 


GITESDE    COLLECTION    OF    ANTIQUITIES    IN    WEST    INDir- 

There  are  several  cliopper-blades  in  the  collection,  n-niiiKlin^'  oiio  uf 
the  Gaveoe  Indians  of  Brazil,  mentioiu'd  in  Flint  Chap.  p.  in,(iii.)trd 
from  Proc.  Soc.  Antiquaries,  128  S,  vol.  1. 


^: 


Fig.  73. 


Fn;.  Tl 


Length,  4  inches;  greatest  Avidth,4-i\,- inches;  least  width,  I,,,  inclics. 

Fig.  75.  A  very  beautiful  blade  of  light  brown  color.  The  butt  has 
a  sharply  defined  ragged  border.  The  terraced  appearance  liefore 
noticed  is  here  visible,  but  curtailed,  the  middle  ridge  not  being  con- 
tinuous. The  neck  slopes  gracefully  to  the  edge,  the  extremities  of 
which  rise  out  of  the  sides  so  as  to  give  the  effect  of  a  thin  «'dge  in- 
serted.   There  is  not  the  slightest  defect  in  this  example. 

Length,  4^0  inches;  width,  4^  inches.   - 


*- 


^  ' 
?• 


%'--■ 


Fio.  7."). 


776         PAPERS  RELATING  TO  ANTHROPOLOGY. 

Fig.  76.  A  biglily-polished  blade,  of  dark,  sooty  browu  patina.  The 
elements  of  several  previously-mentioned  blades  are  here  to  be  seen. 
The  butt  has  the  double  eagle  head  with  central  perforation,  seen  in 
figure.  The  tapering  haft-space  has  been  frequently  mentioned,  while 
the  triple  scallop  with  perforation  of  figure  39  is  here  bilateral.  This 
example  will  form  the  climax  of  this  type  of  blades,  and  it  is  well  worthy 
to  hold  that  position. 

Length,  9 J  inches;  width  of  blade,  8  inches;  of  haft-space  below, 
4|  inches;  width  of  butt,  4^  inches. 


-%:   ■    ■■  ■     # 

Fig.  76. 
V.  BLADES  WITH  HOOKED  EDGES. 

In  the  small  series  of  blades  now  to  be  presented,  a  characteristic 
previously  noticed  as  being  more  or  less  apparent  in  the  work  of  those 
barbaric  peoples  who  work  without  compass  or  rule,  will  be  brought 
more  prominently  into  view.  Indeed,  to  use  the  language  of  biology, 
varietal  marks  become  fixed  and  specific.  Another  wonderful  law  of 
biology  is  also  noticeable.  It  is  this,  that  no  part  of  a  structure  can 
undergo  any  great  modification  without  profoundly  affecting  many 
other  i^arts.  Kature  has  changed  her  key-note  and  the  whole  com- 
position must  be  played  on  another  scale.  It  is  hard  to  guess  what 
this  bill-hook  form  in  so  many  bladescan  signify.  In  vain  we  turn  to 
Polynesia  or  Queen  Charlotte  Sound  for  help.  In  higher  civilization 
the  billhook  does  good  service,  first  in  the  hands  of  the  soldier,  then  in 
those  of  the  hedger.  Coming  to  view  in  this  Carib  environment  we  are 
left  to  wonder.  Most  of  M.  Guesde's  specimens  of  this  class  are  very 
large,  massive  indeed,  and  most  carefully  polished.  We  shall  be  able  to 
show  a  gradation  of  form  beginning  with  suggestion  and  ending  with 
unmistakable  realitv. 


GUESD.E    COLLECTION    OF    ANTIQUITIES    IN    WKST    INDIKS.     77? 

Fig.  77  A  massive  blade  of  black  color,  the  largest  specimen  in  M. 
Guesde's  collection.  The  general  type  iscomnidn  cnongh  in  tht- Antilli-s, 
and  indeed  maybe  seen  almost  every  whf  re.     However,  the  two  sides 


#% 


•?.»•■ 

^:?; 


pi 

m 


Fig.  77.  Fin.  78. 

are  decidedly  unlike,  the  right  nearly  straight,  the  left  bulged  ont :  and 
by  this  fact  the  edge  is  so  modified  that  the  left  is  continuous  with  the 
side,  and  the  right  uearly  arrested  by  a  corner. 

Length,  16-fo-  inches ;  greatest  width,  C  inches. 

Fig.  78.  A  specimen  resembling  the  last  described,  of  light  gray-brown 
color.  The  butt  is  not  elevated,  and  its  band  is  emarginatiMl  at  the  siih's. 
Here  we  may  see  a  little  greater  modification  from  the  ty|)e  by  tin*  in- 


778  PAPERS  RELATING  TO  ANTHROPOLOGY. 

curviuft-  of  the  left  side  and  a  nearer  approach  to  a  hook  below.    The 
surface  is  finely  polished  and  the  combination  of  marks  unique. 
Leuuth,  8^  inches;  width  of  butt,  2^^^  inches;  of  blade.  3^  inches. 


I 


\ 


it 


m 


^ 


'^i 


Fig.  79.  Fig.  80. 


-:% 


Fig.  79.  A  massive  blade  of  brown  color.  The  lower  border  of  the 
rounded  butt  is  nearly  square  with  the  axis  of  the  specimens,  and 
evenly  rimmed;  the  sides,  however,  are  very  different.  The  break  at 
the  most  important  point  at  the  bottom  prevents  our  knowing  just  how 
the  hook  was  finished. 

Length,  12 J  inches;  greatest  width,  5  inches. 

Fig.  80.  A  massive  blade,  of  dark  brown  color.  The  lower  margin 
of  the  butt  is  not  horizontal,  its  facial  outline  forming  a  sigmoid  curve. 


GUESDE    CELLECTION    OF    ANTIQUITIES    IN    WEST    INIUK- 

In  some  other  examples  the  butt  is  modified  by  the  lateral  a.syiimn'try. 
The  point  of  coalescence  of  the  left  side  witli  the  t'df^e  is  quite  distmrt 
although  it  is  not  yet  quite  a  hook. 
Length,  11  inches;  greatest  width,  'i^^  inches. 


Fifl.  81. 

Fig.  81.  A  beautifully  polished  massive  blade,  of  light  drab  color. 
The  inner  edge  of  the  butt  is  nearly  straight  and  baiulcd.  In  tin* 
other  parts  our  type  is  carried  out,  the  only  advance  being  the  chang*' 
of  curve  near  the  edge  at  the  lower  side.  The  specimen  is  highly  lin- 
ished  and  would  be  an  attractive  object  in  any  collection. 

Length,  ISj^  inches;  greatest  width,  4^^  inches. 


^fe'  '■  ."^'.i.-- 


y'"*' 


w 


V*' 


Fig.  82. 

Fig.  82.  A  giant  blade,  of  mottled  color,  resembling  marble.  Ucri' 
will  be  seen  the  bill-hook  type  quite  fully  developed.  The  sloping  butt, 
the  totally  unlike  sides,  and  the  extension  of  the  edge  well  beyond  the 
line  of  the  lower  side  are  all  noteworthy.  Theremain.sof  tinting,  visilth- 
all  around  the  sides  and  edge,  stamp  this  specimen  with  a  form  to  w  liich 
Nature  has  not  contributed  a  suggestion;  they  also  show  how  such  im- 
plements were  constructed. 

Length,  14j^  inches  ;  greatest  width,  6-]%  inches. 

Fig.  83.  A  massive  blade  of  light  brown  color  and  highly  polislu-d. 
The  small,  lOugh  butt  belongs   to  (piite  another  ordtT,  indeed,  in  thi.s 


780 


PAPERS  RELATING  TO  ANTHROPOLOGY. 


respect,  the  specimen  ranks  very  low.  Aside  from  this,  however,  it  is 
an  attractive  example  of  its  type.  The  bulging  of  the  hooked  side  is 
noteworthy  but  not  unique. 

Length,  10^  inches;  width,  4f  inches. 


Fig.  84.  A  broken  blade,  of  blackish  brown  color.  It  is  placed  here 
for  the  purpose  of  showing  that  in  archaeology  a  little  prediction  may 
be  indulged  in.  In  every  other  particular  the  specimen  resembles  the 
bill-hook  type.  Should  the  missing  portions  be  found,  therefore,  the 
upper  side  would  pass  on  in  a  continuous  curve  with  the  edge  to  the  lower 
extremity  of  the  under  side,  where  it  will  form  an  angle  or  a  hook. 

Length,  11^  inches  ;  greatest  width,  4^  inches. 


''""^"^"''^ 


,=p^%.,s^; 


v.. 


Fig.  84. 


Fig.  85.  A  smaller  bill-hook  or  pyriform  blade,  of  light  brpwn  color. 
The  rudeness  of  the  butt  and  groove  is  remarkable.  The  other  lines 
are  very  graceful,  especially  that  of  the  upper  side. 

Length,  4,^  inches ;  width  l-^o  inches. 


j.'-^X^?V^y>l»^^t. 


^ 


'■^'"^'•"••.tsvv.Ag-^JS' 


Fig.  85. 


GUESDE    COLLECTION    OF    ANTIQUITIES    IN    WKST    INDlKs.     781 

Fig.  86.  A  massive  blade,  of  the  bill  hook  typr,  and  slaic  lnuwn  in 
color.     The  butt  still  has  some  eccentricities,  niorr  than  coiniu  ns.itrd 
for,  however,  by  the  elepmce  of  the  other  portion. 
'    Length,  9  inches;  greatest  uidtli.  4  iiicJM's. 


m. 


v-3^ 


■•Uivi: 


:i^ 


i 


9 


Fig.  86.  Fi...  frT. 

Fig.  87.  A  perfect  blade,  brown  in  color  and  of  exquisite  iiolisli.  It 
is  not  massive.  The  butt  is  horizontal  and  the  hooked  side  unnsnally 
curved.  The  hook  is  more  decidedly  formed  in  this  than  in  any  other 
members  of  the  class. 

Length,  5^;  width  of  blade,  3  inches  ;  neck,  ly^f  inches. 

Fig.  88.  A  finely- polished  blade,  of  the  bill-hook  type  and  of  a  rich 
brown  color.  Aside  from  the  fidelity  with  which  the  typical  ideas  are 
carried  out,  should  be  noted  also  the  change  of  curve  in  the  edge  and 


^iE^l?^'''. 


Fig.  &8. 


782  PAPERS  RELATING  TO  ANTHROPOLOGY. 

iu  tlie  margin  of  the  butt  nearly  over  it.    This  is  the  last  specimen 
of  this  variety  which  will  receive  notice. 
Length,  l-^o  inches  ;  width,  4fV  inches. 

VL   BLADES  WITH  ENCIRCLING  GROOVES. 

The  next  type  of  blades  embraces  many  examples  in  the  Antillian 
area,  extending  from  a  very  rude  form  to  some  of  the  greatest  beauty. 
The  encircling  grooves  or  excavations  for  hafting  in  a  large  series  of 
stone  implements  will  be  found  to  include  many  geometric  figures  in 
other  parts  of  the  implements,  such  as  the  circle,  ellipse,  vesica  piscis, 
and  any  of  these  may  have  one  or  two  truncations.  The  grooves  will 
also  differ  in  their  position  on  the  blade,  in  depth,  width,  and  the  con- 
struction and  parallelism  of  their  borders.  In  the  series  of  hafted  ham- 
mers, hoes,  adzes,  and  axes  in  the  National  Museum  at  Washington, 
one  can  readily  ])erceive  that  even  the  savage  workman  was  not  shut 
up  to  a  single  device  in  hafting  his  tools.  Indeed,  such  is  the  diversity 
of  methods  that  one  familiar  with  a  large  numBer  of  specimens  learns 
to  pick  out  localities  and  nations  by  the  methods  nsed. 

Another  fact  illustrated  in  this  series  is  the  easy  transition  from  use- 
ful to  highly  ornamental  forms.  Beginning,  as  Klemm  has  advised  us, 
with  little  modified  pebbles,  we  culminate  in  examples  wherein  every 
vestige  of  nature  and  use  is  lost. 

Fig.  89.  A  sn)all  blade  of  blackish  color.  The  very  least  opportunity 
is  afforded  for  hafting,  but  we  may  refer  again  to  John  Evans.  Marie- 
Golante.  Neither  this  nor  the  following  example  can  fully  claim  to  be 
a  grooved  blade. 

Length,  l^V  inches. 

Fig.  90.  A  small  blade  of  dark  brown  color.  This  specimen  is  a  little 
more  highly  finished  than  the  last,  but  the  characteristics  are  identical. 

Length,  2  inches. 


^1 


-■:>• 


Fig.  89.  Fig.  90.  Fig.  91. 

Fig.  91 .  The  smallest  blade  in  M.  Guesde's  collection  ;  light  drab  color 
mottled  with  brown.  The  groove  is  now  encircling  and  distinguishes 
the  butt  entirely  from  the  body. 

Length,  1^  inches  ;  width,  1^  inches. 


GUESDE    COLLECTION    OF    ANTIQUITIES    IX    WEST    INDIKS.     785 

Fig-.  92.  A  grooved  blade  of  very  dark  brown  color.  TluMf  is  a  t\v 
lightfnl  negligee  about  the  Hues  of  this  example.  Tht-rc  is  nrithiT  sym- 
metry uor  parallelisui  where  either  one  sliouhl  be  fomul  iu  !i  iicrfect 
specimeu.    The  marks  of  much  wear  are  visible  on  the  edge. 

Leugth,  2-^  inches. 


•.y 


Fig.  93.  A  very  irregular  blade  of  light  brown  color.  There  is  every 
reason  to  believe  that  the  only  change  wrought  in  the  original  stone  is 
the  groove  or  neck  hooded  above  and  running  nearly  out  below,  so  as 
to  be  undistiuguishable  from  the  faces  and  the  ground  edge. 

Length,  1-^^  inches ;  width  of  edge,  4i  inches. 


SKXl^-: 


-i 


Fig.  93. 


Fig.  94.  A  beautifully  polished  blade  of  drab  color.     Tiie  type  is  very 
similar  to  that  of  the  last  described,  but  the  original  stone  was  more 


784 


PAPERS    RELATING    TO    ANTHROPOLOGY. 


shapely.    Here  for  the  first  time  we  encounter  a  definitely-cut  encircling 
groove. 
Length,  2^  inches ;  width,  2  inches. 


Fig.  05. 


Fig.  ! 


'•S. 


hu    97 


Fig.! 


Fig.  95.  A  grooved  blade,  of  light  brown  color.  The  butt  is  quite 
symmetrical,  the  groove  uniform  and  transverse,  and  the  edge  nearly 
regular.    The  typo  is  common  all  over  the  world.    From  Marie-Golante. 

Length,  43L  iuches;  width,  3  inches. 


I 


GUESDE    COLLECTION-OF    ANTlgriTIKS    IN    WKST    INDIKS.    7H5 

Fift'.  96.  \  massive  blade,  with  very  small  head  and  i^roovr,  «»f  vrry 
dark  brown  color.  The  asymmetry  of  the  sides  is  notireahlc,  and  tht*n« 
is  just  a  slijiht  hook  on  the  lett.  This  stami)s  our  elassilieation  as 
purely  artificial.  If  we  re.ijard  the  irriKive  we  must  cast  nejzlect  some- 
times ui)on  the  ed^e.     From  San  ]\Iahanlt. 

Length,  11  inches;  width,  G  inches. 

Fig.  i  7.  A  grooved  blade,  of  dark  slate  color.  The  butt  and  the  b(»d\ 
are  nearly  regular;  the  former  occupying  one-third  of  the  object. 

Length,  2i  inches. 

Fig.  98.  A  grooved  blade,  of  light  brown  color.  The  noticealjh*  fea- 
ture is  the  hatchet  edge  extending  on  both  sides  to  the  groove.  The 
butt  is  the  most  finished  yet  in  this  class. 

Length,  2^^  iuclies. 


wr. 


■/■ 


/- 


A 


y^ 


■■;^' 


.!>' 


,u>' 


'^'^^^^^^^'^^^l^il^^i^i^^'" 


Fig.  99.  A  giant  blade,  of  light  brown  color.  When  en 
have  been  an  imposing  object.  The  butt  originally  was  11 
very  symmetrical,  the  groove  broad,  deep,  and  i)aralh 
body  is  of  the  chopper  variety  mentioned  in  the  last  class 
following). 

Length,  10  inches ;  greatest  width,  .S-^^  inches. 
S.  Mis.  33 .50 


tire  th 

lit  topi 
d  side( 
(Figs. 


is  must 

x'd  and 

1.      The 

70  and 


786 


PAPERS  RELATING  TO  ANTHROPOLOGY. 


Fig.  100.  A  much  worn  blade  of  very  light  color,  showing  that  it  has 
been  ''  battered  by  the  shocks  of  doom  to  shape  and  use."  The  con- 
formity to  the  shape  so  common  in  the  United  States  ought  to  be 
noticed.    The  edge  and  faces  are  well  ground  away. 

Length,  4  inches;  Avidth,  3f,y  inches. 


^!>;s\v?^^^>-?r^■v■••:•v.■-'^i-^i'.■-?'9'.>^, 

.--  ,.■••••.!>.   ..■..-  •;-^v./.>v.i;;'<:;:^ 


J 


M-^ 


i? .'. 


-m^-: 


Fig. 101 


Fig.  101.  A  small  grooved  blade,  which  M.  Guesde  calls  a  mace. 
Unless  the  painting  is  misleading  it  is  a  very  pretty,  unpretentious  ex- 
ample of  the  small,  grooved  ax. 

Lengtb,  I-jA^- inches ;  width,  1^  inches. 

Fig.  10-'.  A  long  thin  blade  of  light  brown  color.  The  butt  is  cylin- 
droidal  and  rough  topped.  The  notch  is  shallow  and  the  sides  are 
nearly  parallel.    This  is  a  rare  form  in  the  Antillian  area. 

Length,  7^  inches;  width,  I-j^q-  inclies. 


^;>'l 


'e^5.: 


Fig.  102. 


Fig.  103.  A  long  slender  blade,  of  blackish  color,  shaped  eomething     ^ 
like  a  ten-pin.    The  butt  and  encircling  groove  are  one.     The  long,  flat 
faces  terminate  in  a  squared  edge. 

Length,  6-^^  inches;  width,  2^0  inches. 


GUESDE    COLLECTION    OF    ANTH/ITHI.s    1\     W  IST    INDIKS.     7S7 


/' "' 


•  ->^w^*-A»k&.^ 


<«, 


Fig.  104. 


Fig.  WS. 

Fig.  104.  A  grooved  hliiilr  ot"  daiU  hrowu 
color.  It  resoinblcs  I'ig.  Id.?,  i-xicptiug  that 
the  butt  is  more  distinet  and  the  si(h-s  tliver- 
gent.  The  edge  is  imieh  worn  by  use.  and 
the  concave  grinding  very  uneominiMi. 

Length,  4  inches;  widtli  of  blade.  .'5,^„ 
inches. 

Fig.  10.").  A  very  attractive  bhich-  ot  bright 

brown  color.     The  object  shows  great  ago 

^,^        by  reason  ot"  the  grin<ling  whidi  has  taken 

\      away  a  portion  of  the  l)utt  and  ciianged  tlie 

-§,    outline  of  the  lower  border  of  the  gioove. 

''    The  polish   and   unbroken    condition    of  a 

specimen  so  nnndi  worn  are  remarkalth-. 

Length,  5/\,-  inches 5  width,  5  j^  indies. 


K  "•/'''' 


€ 


'vt'X^? 


■A 

m 


Fio.  105. 


788 


PAPERS  RELATING  TO  ANTHROPOLOGY. 


Fig.  100.  A  very  smooth  and  rare  form  of  blade  of  dark  brown.  The 
butt  is  of  the  cbanipiguon  type  and  has  very  little  boundary  below. 
The  two  sides  are  unlike  giving  the  face  the  appearance  of  a  shoe  sole. 
The  edge  is  also  one  sided. 

Length,  5-j^  inclies;  width,  3-fo  inches. 


:>^ 


Fig.  106. 

Fig.  107.  A  highly  polished  blade  of  brown-black  color.  It  is  almost 
a  i)erfect  ellipse  in  outline  excepting  the  interruption  of  the  groove. 
The  borders  of  the  groove  are  slightly  ridged.  By  this  is  meant  that 
from  the  crest  of  the  ridges  the  surfaces  decrease  both  ways  by  a  con- 
cave curve. 

Length,  o\^o  inches;  width,  3|  inches. 


I 


GUESDE    COLLECTION    OF    ANTIgi'ITlHS    IN     WMST    INDIKS.     7,SD 

Fig.  108.  A  polished  blaiU*  of  l>ri«rlit  l.inwn  ((.lor.  This  spiTiiiirii. 
though  not  extraordinary  in  fonu  is  one  uf  tin-  most  attractive  in  thr 
collection  of  ]\r.  Gnesdo.  It  oonld  Imnlly  Iw  more  r«'j:id:ir  if  it  had  Imtii 
formed  in  a  lathe.  The  shield  shaped  faces  are  nne.  ami  iIi.-  shuuld.r 
ing  of  the  faces  worthy  of  notice. 

Length,  7  inches;  width  of  neck.  2  inehes;  of  l)lad<'.  t ',  inehes. 


t: 


■k 


4 


Flii.  luf«. 


Fig.  109.  A  double-edged,  grooved  blade,  of  light  brown  color.  The 
form  is  common  enough  elsewhere,  but  certainly  it  seems  to  l)e  the  first 
appearance  in  this  area  of  an  ax  with  both  ends  alike. 

Length,  7^^  inches ;  width,  3-^  inches. 


Fig.  109. 


790 


I'APERS    RKLATIXG    TO    ANTHROPOLOGY 


Fig.  110.  A  beautilully  i)oli.slie(l  blade,  of  bright  brown  color.  In 
8ba])e  it  resembles  a  butcher's  cleaver,  well  worn.  It  should  be  com- 
pared with  figures  77  to  88.  In  the  curv^e  of  the  right  side  the  bill-hook 
form  recurs,  and,  in  this  respect,  this  specimen  should  have  been  de- 
scribed in  the  last  chapter. 

Length,  l-^g  inches ;  greatest  width,  4^  inches. 


'"*^*^**i"i*Uii!k^i!iis»^ 


Fig.  111.  A  massive  blade  of  slaty  gray  color.  This  specimen  also  by 
its  edge  goes  to  the  bill-hook  type.  (See  figures  77  to  88.)  The  sinuate 
groove  and  broken  sides  should  be  noticed.  It  is  customary  to  take 
the  groove  on  axes  largely  into  account,  but  in  this  example,  as  well  as 
in  figures  93,  94,  96,  and  110,  the  salient  feature  is  the  twisting  of  the 
contour  of  the  implement  to  one  side,  forming  a  decided  hook  in  many 
exami)les. 
Length,  12  inches  ;  greatest  width,  4^%  inches. 

^  Fig.  112.  A  grooved  blade  of  gray  color.  This 
form  is  so  common  in  the  United  States  and  so  ab- 
solutely unknown  in  the  West  Indies  that  the  prob- 
abilities are  against  its  genuineness.  M.  Guesde, 
however,  is  our  authority  for  placing  it  in  Guade- 
of  ax-blades  from  the  United 


^^'' 
\ij^-- 


Fig.  ii;; 
loupe.  Looking  over  a  large  number 
States,  one  is  struck  with  the  ])revalence  of  this  particular  type,  with 
the  left  boundary  of  the  neck  ridged  up  on  both  sides,  in  areas  widely 
separated. 

Length,  3/o  inches  ;  width,  l/g-  inches. 

Fig.  113.  A  grooved  ax  of  reddish  brown  color.  It  is  of  a  very  com- 
mon pattern,  excepting  the  bulging  of  the  right  side,  which  gives  it  the 
appearance  of  having  been  cut  out  for  a  shouldered  handle.  (See  Fig. 
118.) 

Length,  oh  inches;  average  width,  2^^  inches. 


I 


GUESDE    COLLECTION    OF    ANTIQUITIES    IN    WKsl     INDIKS.     791 


••'**-. 


/'■■.■:■-■ 


.■S-l^^"-?'>^." 


?s  .  .  .'.  •■.*  ■ 


•■  .■.■.\' 


>■•:'•.  y;^' 


Fig.  111. 


Fig.  114.  A  gracefully  formed  blade  of  very  dark  material.  The  re- 
markable characteristics  are  the  double  furrow  and  cup  ornament  of  the 
butt,  the  elongated  groove,  and  the  tongue-shaped  fa<^s.  The  wmk- 
mauship  is  very  fine. 

Length,  4j%  inches ;  width  of  blade,  2  j^  inches. 

Fig.  115.  A  beautiful  blade  of  greenish  brown  color.  The  reiiiarku- 
ble  features  are  iour  little  mamma*  at  the  apex,  the  bellshajK'd  butt, 
the  slender  groove,  and  the  small  faces. 

Length,  4i  inches  ;  width,  2  ^j  inches. 


792 


PAPERS  RELATING  TO  ANTHROPOLOGY. 


.^'ij^gjil^'-, 


-''L. 


X^h 


%. 


"%..-.   . 


'■*iv.V.«>-^-'" 


Fir,.  1,1. 


Fio.  115. 


Fig.  116.  A  chopper-shaped  blade  of  brick-red  color.  The  butt  and 
the  face  are  boat-shaped,  the  former  much  smaller.  The  groove  or  neck 
is  much  thinner  and  cut  away  at  both  extremities.  The  sides  are  not 
symmetrical.  (See  Evan's  figure,  from  Brazil,  a  war  ax  of  the  Gaveoe 
Indians,  in  the  British  Museum,  described  in  Ancient  Stone  Implements, 
figure  95.     Compare  also  figure  96.) 

Length,  3^  inches;  width,  3^  inches. 


^^Siiifc^ 


Fig.  116. 


^, 


Fig.  117.  A  chopper-shaped  blade  of  bright  brown  patina.    There  is 
in  this  specimen  an  interesting  combination  of  characters.    The  butt  has 


GUESDE    COLLECTION    OF    ANTIQUITIES    IN    WEST    INDIES.    703 

a  delicate  double  beak.  The  haft-space  <»r  neck  widens  iMpidlv.  hiit  is 
slitjhtly  shouldered  all  around  its  base.  A  similar  luiti  and  vt\<n',  with 
parallel  sides,  is  to  be  seen  in  a  speeinuMi  from  St.  \inreiii.  I>ehin;:in;; 
to  P:.  ];.  Griflith  (Timchri,  iii,  pi.  vii,  Fijv.  ;{ ;  aiid  a  very  nnieh  rndei 
si)ecinien  in  Id.  I,  2(U,  F\<*;.  1). 

Length,  5  inches;  width,  4  inches. 


i' w'syi?,*?'^'" 


y 


Fk;.  11.- 


Fig-.  lis.  A  grooved  blade  of  dark  brown  color  and  line  polish.  The 
butt  wedge  shaped  and  rounded.  The  hafting  space  is  a  complex  affair, 
consisting  of  four  parts,  two  narrow-faced  grooves,  a  groove  on  the  lower 
side  a  little  wider,  and  a  long,  wide  notcii  on  the  upper.  Tiie  section  of 
the  groove  is  rectangular.  The  same  idea  of  a  shoulder  on  one  side  of 
the  blade  may  be  studied  in  a  s])ecimeii  from  INIennithorjx',  Yorkshire. 
England.  This  latter  one,  how^ever,  is  very  rude,  and  far  behind  the 
Guesde's  example.  (Evans'  "Ancient  Stone  Implements,"  Fig.  S2.) 
This  blade  lashed  to  a  shouldered  handle  would  be  a  very  eft'ective  tool 
or  weapon.     From  Marie-Golante. 

Length,  G  inches ;  width,  2-i%  inches. 


I 


FUJ.  119. 


794 


I'APEKS    RELATING    TO    ANTIIKOPOLOGV 


Fig.  111).  A  well-finished  blade,  of  mottled-drab  color.  The  central 
column  is  a  flattened  cylinder.  The  right  portion  is  spread  out  like  a 
smoothing  tool.  The  Clallam  Indians  of  Washington  Territory,  who 
excel  in  all  kinds  of  hasketry,  use  a  little  wooden  implement  exactly 
like  this  to  smooth  and  regulate  the  woof  in  their  grass  and  bark  mats. 
Tlie  left  end  is  canoe-shaped,  and  the  edge  extends  to  the  extremities 
of  the  body. 

Length,  5/o  inches;  width  of  blade,  3^^  inches. 

Fig.  120.  A  grooved  implement  of  light  brown  color.  It  is  introduced 
here  to  follow  Fig.  119  on  account  of  similarity  in  groove.  The  ax 
function  is  lost  in  that  of  the  smoother  or  rubber.  There  is  a  great  deal 
of  nice  work  on  this  example;  indeed,  as  a  work  of  art  it  is  nearly 
laultless.  The  furrows  of  the  sides  continued  across  the  bottom  of  the 
shaft  or  neck  below  give  a  pleasing  impression. 

Length,  6fo  inches;  width  of  lower  blade,  4^  inches. 


Fig.  120. 

Fig.  121.  A  specimen  of  unknown  function,  light  brown  in  color.  This 
form  wanders  still  further  away  from  Fig.  119  than  the  last  one  de- 
scribed.   The  lower  portion  was  formerly  fluked,  but  the  points  are  gone- 
Length,  4  inches ;  greatest  width,  2^^  inches. 


5f.' 


fcl- 


I  in.  121. 


'H- 


Fig.  122. 


GUESDE    COLLECTION    OF    ANTIQUITIES    IN    WEST    IMIHES.    795 

Fig.  122.  A  highly  polished  blade  of  seal  Itntwii  color,  resrnihliiig  a 
cliopper  knife.  It  would  be  ditlicnlt  to  rcconstnicl  tin*  lost  pari,  Imt  it 
iviiiiiids  one  of  the  African  and  I'.ra/.ilian  battle-axes  with  t-resci-nt 
blades.     (Compare  Timehri.,  iii,  pi.  H.) 

Length,  2^  inches;  width,  2j'j  inches. 


^.^^mm^'S^ 


■^^i^M^^^"" 


Fig.  123. 


Flo.  1'.'4. 


k 


<^^- 


..^''' 


m 


m 

Si-;. 


tSA. 


»^.":---- 


4 


<\»« 


796 


PAPERS    RELATING    TO    ANTHROPOLOGY. 


1 


Fiji-  ^-^'  A  double-beaked  blade  of  reddish  brown  surface  and  black 
interior.  This  and  the  followino-  si)ecimeus  should  be  compared  with 
beaked  specimens  without  grooves.  There  is  a  slight  resemblance 
between  this  example  and  im  Thurn's  Plate  C,  Fig.  1,  at  least  in  the 
long  groove  and  the  general  outline  of  the  blade. 

Length,  8  inches;  width,  4f^o  inches. 

Fig.  12rt.  A  double-beaked  blade  of  bright  drab  color.  The  ridge 
beneath  the  groovt}  gives  to  this  example  a  very  pleasing  outline.  In- 
deed, without  excess  of  ornament,  the  whole  contour  is  harmonized 
with  great  skill. 

Length,  9  inches ;  width,  5^  inches. 

Fig.  125.  A  double-beaked  massive  blade  of  brown  color.  The  curves 
beneath  the  beak  and  the  fluting  on  the  top  are  more  elaborate  than 
in  the  last  one  described. 

Length,  11^  inches;  width,  5^  inches. 


:y'^m 


m 


wy 


'¥ 

#" 


%- 


.r 


Fig.  126. 


Fig.  126.  A  massive  two-beaked  blade  of  dark  brown  color,  and  so 
highly  polished  that  it  seems  to  have  been  recently  made.    The  treat- 


GUESDE    COLLECTION    OF    ANTIQUITIES    IN    WEST    INhlES     707 
.    ,■  .i..i.nfti^  a  little  aitlWeiit  iVom  that  in  tli.-  pn'vi«.«is  i-xuni- 

;c:y^^:o^  ;;;wui;i.  of ,..  s,,...,,.,,.  ■.■„,.  ,„.,..•.  ..„..  is  „.,.,... 

and  the  crests  near  the  center. 

X        ^■^.   ^  -   iiipht^^  •  width,  <>  inches. 

rt:'  .;    1  r^  beau,.,!  bh.,U.  „r  ,...U  >„-.nv ,„,..    Th,.  l..^-  pav, 

.       *'       ,;,t,l  Mid  fi-a.'tuml.    The  orna.u,.nta(i,.u  Wis  at  ti.e  1"|,  ""li- 

«::r;i™ro:Sn:;tuiaver^  t, ....,„. ,,. 

occurs  til  other  specimens. 

Length,  T.i  inches;  width,  3,%  inches. 


j?;??;*:,. 


.«#: 


m 


Fit:.  IJ 


1-h..  1- 


Fui.  129. 


79(S  PAPERS    RELATING    TO    ANTHROPOLOGY. 

Fig.  l-J.S.  A  two-beaked  blade  of  blackisb-drab  color,  aud  perfectly 
sniootb.  The  lines  of  this  specimen  are  everywbere  bold  and  graceful. 
The  slender  beaks,  high  crests,  and  other  characteristics  are  very  taste- 
fully (•(•inbined. 

Length,  5fo  inches  ;  width  of  edge,  2-^^  inches. 

Fig.  121).  A  massive  two  beaked  blade  of  mottled,  marble-colored 
stone.  The  distinguishing  feature  is  the  ridged,  seal-like  depression 
between  the  beaks. 

Length,  ll^V  inches;  width,  0^*0  inches. 

VII.   HAMMERS,   GRINDERS,    AND   POLISHERS. 

In  most  aichtBological  collections  a  series  of  implements  are  brought 
together  under  the  titles  given  above.  The  idea  or  concept  is  that 
pounding,  grinding,  rolling  or  mulling-food,  paint,  incense,  wedges,  or 
human  heads,  are  processes  that  have  no  broad  dividing  lines.  Indeed, 
among  a  people  so  highly  civilized  as  the  ancient  Antilliaus  a  great 
variety  of  such  operations  would  be  performed.  Mr.  im  Thurn  thinks 
that  since  these  people  were  mainly  cassava  eaters  they  had  little  need 
of  mills.  True,  but  grinding  is  not  contined  to  food  even.  The  Haida 
and  Thlinkit  Indians  make  beautiful  mortars  and  pestles  to  grind  a 
native  tobacco  into  snuff,  aud  to  pulverize  dried  fish.  The  Pueblos 
use  grinders  for  corn  and  wild  seeds,  for  paint,  aud  to  grind  up  de- 
grai.«isant  for  their  pottery.  The  innumerable  uses  of  hammers  will 
occur  to  every  one.  The  order  followed  in  the  description  is  almost 
arbitrary,  the  prevailing  motive  being  to  proceed  from  less  to  greater 
completeness. 


GUESDE    COLLECTIUN    OF    ANTIQUITIES    IN    WEST    IM.IKS     799 

Fig.  130.  At  tlie  risk  of  inissir^-,  a  -iicss  mav  l.c  vcntiirr.l  ihai  this 
si)e<;iiiieii  of  dark  brown  stone  is  a  liamiiicr  for  wo.mUmi  \\«Mljjrs.  A 
;-reat  variety  of  wedge  hammers  of  stone  for  split  tin;;  h.-is  is  used  by 
the  American  N^orthwest  Coast  Indians,  ilic  Unjjer  pits  on  tlie  fau'H 
slionld  be  noticed. 

Height,  4^^  inches. 


Flc.  l.-^l. 


Fig.  131,  A  slightly  modified  water-woru  i)ebble  of  dark  brown  coldr. 
just  as  likely  as  auj'tliing  else  to  have  been  used  in  rubbing  <lown  poi 
tery. 

Length,  3J  inches. 


j^firT''''\ 


Fig,  132. 


Kin.  i:m. 


Fig.  132.  An  ellipsoidal  form  of  blackish  color.  The  noticeable  fea- 
tures are  the  flat  faces  and  beveled  contour.  In  the  Pueblo  conntry 
such  pebbles  are  used  to  rub  down  the  pots  Ix-fore  baking.  I'rom 
Gosier. 

Length,  2^  inches. 

Fig.  \'A3.  A  grinding  stone  of  deep  brown  color,  fnniHMl  in  the  shap»' 
of  a  double  conoid.     The  form  is  rare  in  the  Antilles. 

Height,  SjV  inches. 

Fig.  134.  A  blackish  stone,  elliptical  in  ontline  and  leniicnlar  in  sec- 
tion; highly  polished. 

Diameter,  4^o-  inches. 


800 


PAPERS  RELATING  TO  ANTHKOPOLOGY. 


KiG.  135. 


Fig.  135.  A  shoe-shaped  specimen  of  reddish  browu  patina  resembling 
*li<ihtly  the  whetstones  of  the  mounds. 
Length,  G  inches. 


Fig.  130.  A  hammer-head  of  dark  brown  color,  which  would  have 
done  good  service  also  as  a  mace  or  club  bead.  The  upper  portion  is 
i30Dvex,  the  groove  uniform  and  the  lower  portion  parallel  sided. 

Length,  2-^^^  inches. 


^ 

^-i 


'>-J-,v.'-  ■.  ■'  •"' 


Fig.  137. 


GUESDE    COLLECTION    OF    ANTIQIITIES    L\    WEST    IXUIES.     801 

Fifj.  137.  A  small  hammer  of  light  bmwii  coU)!.     There  arc  sevunil 
implements  of  this  class  in  M.  (xuesde's  collection,  which   the  owner 
considers  casse-tetes.     This  may  be,  bnt  they  are  just  as  pidbahlx  h.nn 
mers  or  rubbers. 

Height,  2-iV  inches. 


^' 


4 

mm 


«f 


ivi"' 


Fig.  138. 


Fl(i.  KiO. 


Fig.  138.  A  grooved hammerresembling  an  old-fashioned  printer's  pad 
or  an  inverted  mnshroom.  The  function  of  the  class  is  still  in  the  dark. 
See  Stevens  "  Flint  Chips,"  p.  223. 

Height,  3iV  inches. 

Fig.  139.  A  grooved  hammer  of  dark  brown  patina  evidently  made 


J^' 

W':-' 


I    ^^f^-: 


1^:: 


m 


'^^^m^^'^-y't 


w^ 


Fig.  140. 
S.  Mis.  3;] 51 


:jfi' 


% 


'**^tii^iii 


Ik;.  141. 


802  PAPERS  RELATING  TO  ANTHROPOLOGY. 

from  a  pebble  witli  little  modification.     The  groove  is  sinuous  and  shal- 
low.   In  outline  this  specimen  resembles  an  ax,  but  in  M.  Guesde's  notes 
it  is  called  a  casse-tete. 
Length,  2-fQ  inches. 

Fig.  140.  A  grooved  hammer  resembling  the  last,  but  larger.    The 
groove  also  is  wider  and  has  abrupt  turns  in  direction. 
Length,  2-^  iiu-lies. 

Fig.  141.  A  doubtful  form  of  light 
>^  brown  color.   The  truncated  cone  rest- 

^^  ing  on  the  bisecting  plane  of  a  hemis- 

,:  ^  phere  is  absolutely  unique. 

-  <-  .  '"^      Height,  3^  inches. 

V;;^     ;  ,   '        Fig.  142.  A  finely  polished  speci- 

,.    ■■  men  of  chocolate  brown  color.    The 

i.  1^  142.  ornamentation  is  of  a  high  order.    It 

was  probably  a  rubbing  stone  or  muUer. 
Height,  3  inches. 


/€' 


'si 


Fig.  143.  A  grooved  hammer  or  pestle  of  brown  color  and  very  irreg- 
ular in  its  details,  the  climax  of  asymmetry  in  fact.  We  are  coming 
nearer  to  the  typical  hammers  and  triturators  of  the  Korthwest  coast. 
Many  as  rude  as  this  are  found  in  the  Ohio  Valley. 

Height,  4^5  inches. 

Fig.  144.  A  grooved  hammer  or  jjcstle  of  dark  brown  color.  Mr.  H. 
H.  Hill,  of  Cincinnati,  has  a  very  large  collection  of  slanting  hammers 
or  mullers  taken  from  the  mounds  in  that  vicinity. 

Length,  4J  inches. 


GUESDE    COLLECTION    OF   ANTIQUITIES   IN    WEST    INDIES.    803 


Fig.  144. 


Fig.  145.  A  slautiug  grooved  hammer  or  pestle  similar  to  the  last 
two.     The  function,  however,  is  still  in  doubt. 
Length,  4^  inches. 


%. 


^«^?^ 


Fig.  145. 

Fig.  146.  A  grooved  hammer  of  light  brown  color.  The  implemmt 
was  made  and  polished  with  great  care,  and  the  form  is  rare.  I^sjhm  - 
ially  noteworthy  are  the  truncated  top,  the  uniform  groove,  antl  cvliii- 
drical  sides.  A  similar  implement  from  Antigua  is  figured  in  Timeliri 
(III,  p.  115,  pi.  10,  fig.  14). 

Height,  5  inches. 

Fig.  147.  A  grooved  hammer  or  pestle  of  green  and  brown  color. 
This  long,  pestle-like  form  is  unique,  in  the  Guesde  collt'i-ti(Mi.. 

Length,  4i  inches. 


804 


PAPERS    RELAT1I>G    TO    ANTHROPOLOGY. 


-:^i. 


Fig.  146. 


Fiu.  147. 


Fig.  148.  A  bell-shaped  hammer  of  blackish  color.  The  very  large 
ciirrecl  base  is  not  uuknowu  to  hammers  or  pestles  outside  of  the  West 
Indies.  Several  of  nearly  the  same  shape  may  be  seen  from  the  Haida 
Indians  in  the  National  Museum.  The  offset  on  the  rim  below  at  the 
base  of  the  neck  is  unique.     (See  Timehri,  iii,  pi.  10,  fig.  19.) 

Height,  5^  inches. 


s^.^iss^:.. 


w 


''^sljiyv 


;<;viJ>- 


Fig.  148. 


Fig.  149.  Grooved  hammer  of  brown  color,  and  verj  highly  polished. 
It  is  perfectly  refreshing  to  stand  once  more  on  solid  ground.    Whatever 


GUESDE    COLLECTION    OF    ANTIQUITIKS    IN    W  Ks T    INDIKS.    .S05 

doubtmay  rest  on  tlie  pncediiij;- I'xainph's.tlM'H'  is  moim-  Ii.-h-.     TUr  Na 

tioualMuseiiiiiatWrtsliinjrton('()ntaiiisalar^MMminlu'i(»fpi)lislir«ls.'riMMi 
tine  haniuiers  of  precisely  this  shape.     The  y:reat   n-d  cclar  al«>iiinls 
from  Sitka  along  the  Pacific  Coast  to  California.     The  various  irilti-s  uf 
this  coast,  Thlinkits,  Haida,  Chinisian,  Hilhoula,  formerly  lelh-d  the.se 
trees  with  stone  imi)lement8,  and  by  means  of  a  long  linr  of  hard  wood 
wedges  split  the  logs  into  jdauks  to  be  used  in  their  houses  and  fnrni 
ture.     These  wedges  were  skillfully  drivm  by  means  of  these  st-rpi-n 
tine  hammers.     The  ancient  Antillians  felled  large  trees  and  both  built 
houses  and  excavated  dug-out  boats.     There  is  little  doubt,  therefore, 
that  we  have  here  the  ancient  carpenter's  handmaid. 
Length,  3-^^  inches. 


•'!'^/ 


m 


M 


.f/ 


Fig.  149. 

- '    '•'  Fig.  150.  A  grooved  club-head,  widely  exca- 

C'  vated  around  three  fourthsofitscircumferenee. 

Stones  wrapped   with   sinew   or  leather   and 

lashed  to  a  wooden  handle  were  a  common 

^,        -  '       weapon  with  the  ancient  Dakotas. 

Length  2-j^„  inches. 
Figs.  151-154.  Four  grooved  discoidal  stones 

,  of  unknown  function.     Comparing  things  iin- 

FiG.150.  known  with  things    known   we   may  declare 

these  to  have  been  club-heads  or  sinkers  or  playing  ston«'s  or  even  ear 
studs. 

Fig.  155.  A  fiat,  grooved  club-head  shaped  like  a  two-edged  battleax. 
The  groove  is  very  sharp,  or  triangular  in  .section,  and  is  deejjly  cut  in. 
Length,  4-1%  inches. 

Fig.  156.  A  spindle-shaped  implement.  ])erhaps  a  rolling-pin,  of  brown 
color.     In  Yucatan  the  natives  now  u.se  a  roller  of  this  shape,  but  of 


806 


PAPERS  RELATING  TO  ANTHROPOLOGY. 


different  material.     Some  of  the  old  metutes  have  hollow  beds,  also  in 
dicatiug  rollers,  or  mullers,  thickened  in  the  middle. 
Length,  12-1%  inclias  ;  width,  1^  inches. 


r 


^ 


n 


Figs.  151, 152. 


Figs.  153, 154. 


^'^.. 


'■% 


'A^^' 


S&iissiil'i^i'^SrVSiii?"; 


Fig.  155. 


GUESDE    COLLECTION    OF    ANTIQUITIES    IN    WEST    LNDIKS.    807 

Fig.  157.  A  carved  rubbing  stone,  of  brown  color,    'riic  sliuitint;  (.u>l 
uuiu'and  much-curved  base,  as  well  as  the  lateral  ihuin^s,  »-xtfn.lin^' 
everywhere  except  along  the  bottom,  are  uote\voril.\    IVatiiics.     Tlu* 


m 


m- 


i 


1/ 


Fig.  157. 


Fio.  LOO. 

Kskimoof  Norton  Soaud  and  uortbward  e:.cel "' f'>tiT"r ,'7!,diT,','s''.T'o 
handles  to  fit  ,he  nrtisan'.s  hand.    At  Sitka  tho     '■";';;'"       ''^  "'•-" 
cut  oat  the  upper  ,>ortion  of  the  stone  hand-.naul  to  l.t  Ih.  h.unl. 
Ijength,  4-1%  inches. 


808  PAPERS  RELATING  TO  ANTHROPOLOGY. 

Fig.  158.  A  boot-shaped  rubbing  stone,  of  dark  brown  color.  The 
specimen  resembles  one  in  the  Latimer  collection  of  the  National  Mu- 
seum ;  but  this  example  is  much  heavier  and  more  finely  polished. 

Length,  15J  inches. 


^^^ft^J^-^.'-'^t'.-?;.:^", '..■'■•  ■■'■.',  ' :  J  •  .-4 
f^'\<- :■'■;.■■  -■■:■-  •■  ■■  ■    ■    ,-■.  •    ••■-•;■■ •,-v>;«"K!=-*x5':;^    ■ 


•'^^A*^'''' « \"''  - "  ' "■  ■ ' ''■' '  '*■'•'  '"' '■    ' •  ■■"■■'-* ■'.'''"i^.x'^rs'-'"..' 

Fig.  158. 

Fig.  159.  A  carved  and  ornamented  rubbing  stone,  of  light  brown 
color.  Mr.  im  Thurn  figures  {Timehri,  iii,  pi.  10,  11,  12)  several  forms. 
The  specimen  now  under  consideration  is  much  more  highly  ornamented. 

Height,  3-1%  inches. 


GUESDE    COLLECTION    OF   ANTIQUITIES    IN    WKST    INDIES.    SOU 


Y -■,-■".:. 


V; ' 


i;i«^iS«'' 


X' 


Fig.  159. 

Fig.  UiO.    Thi.s    oljjoct    is 
Ik  entirely  unique,  and  indeed 

outlandisli   to  the  Antilles. 
It  is  adniinibU'  in  workman- 
ship and  has  been  preservril 
:-  ,  without  a  scratt'h.     Thcnia- 

W],  j  terial  is  mottled  jxrren  and 

■*(:;  brown.     It  woubl  not  In*  dif- 

i'T/  ficult  to  j;ut'ss,  jjrantinjr  thi.s 

to  be  j;enuine,  lliat  tlir  pro 
cess  of  stone  carvinj;  went 
A     on  after   14!KJ,  the   year  in 
wliic'h  Columbus  di.seovered 
'^}-  (Inadeloup*-,  and  that  some 

^i.,    -  "  ,:J      ingenious   lajiiilary  lia«l  uii 

5#^         dertaken  to  imitate  a  hook 
in  the  tackle.    Tliere  is  noth- 
ing improbable  in  this,  lor 
the  Haida  slate  carvers,  to- 
day,  imitate  steamers  and  other  inventions  of  the  whites  in  making 
their  curious  pipes. 
Height,  5-1^0-  inches. 

Fig.  161.  A  rough  mortar  in  the  form  of  a  California  soapstoiie  olla. 
Very  little  art  has  sufllced  to  bring  this  specimen  to  its  pre.sent  form. 
This  is  the  only  regular  stone  mortar  as  yet  reported  from  tin-  Antilh-.s. 
Height,  2^71-  inches  ;  diameter,  5  inches. 


4^ 


•:::0^ 


Fig.  ICO 


SlU 


PAPERS  RELATING  TO  ANTHROPOLOGY. 


M, 


'■x^r 


'*^', 


Fig.  161. 


Fig.  162.  A  bowl-sbaped  mortar  of  rieh  brown  color.  Tbis  form  also 
seems  out  of  place  in  tbe  West  Indies.  The  almost  jierpendicular  sides 
and  regularly  beveled  edge  carry  tbo  mind  to  tbe  Queen  Cbarlotte 
archipelago,  where  beautiful,  small  disb-like  mortars  were  used  for  trit- 
urating tbe  native  tobacco. 

Height,  2^  inches  ;  diameter,  6^o  inches. 


■';-''i^%^?^ 


p;vi^;- 


Fig.  162. 

Fig.  163.  A  cylindrical  stone  dish,  of  dark  brown  patina,  and  very 
carefully  made.  Stone  dishes  quite  as  debcate  come  from  Sitka,  iu 
which  the  an  cient  snuff-taker  triturated  his  tobacco. 

Width,  4-j%  inches ;  depth,  2^  inches. 


GIJESDE    COLLECTION    OF    ANTIQUITIES    L\     WIST    LNIUKS.     611 

Fig.  1G4.  A  cylindrical  iiiortar  and  pfstlc  i»f  brown  color.  The  mor- 
tar is  c^iiiulrical  in  form  and  ;i  cnpsliapi'd  dt'iticssion  •K-cii|m--s  the 
center.     The  pestle  is  of  the  dumh-lu'll   iiattcrn.  vci\  sviiinuf  i  i.' il  in 


i 


Fio.  163. 


form.     This  apparatus  would  serve  much  better  as  a  sniill  inulhr  ili;in 
for  hard  pounding. 

Height  of  mortar,  4  inches;  length  of  pestle,  4i%  inches. 

Fig.  165.  A  stone  hammer,  of 


'fe.>,.. 


seal-brown  patina.    This  style  of  j^=^^\ 

implement  is  generally  called  a 
pestle.  But  no  one  has  ever  seen 
a  savage  wasting  his  time  polish-  ''^^^ 

ing  a  hard  stone,  and  putting  a 
shoulder  around  the  bottom  for 
the  purpose  of  knocking  it  off  the  a-'-^  ' 

first  time  he  used  it.  On  the  other, 
hand,  any  one  who  will  visit  Van- 
couver Island  maj'  see  such  stones 
in  use,  to-day,  for  driving  wedges 
into  cedar  logs  to  split  them.  It 
is  reasonable,  therefore,  to  call  .  . 
this  specimen  a  hammer.  \'/ 

Length,  7]^  inches.  c:-J,... 

Fig.  166.  A  large  grinding  im-  *^ 

piemen t,  of  blackish  surface,  re- 
sembling a  cook's  rolling-pin.  The  central  portion  is  ccuivex  on  the 
upper  side,  and  flat  beneath.  The  club-shai)ed  ends  were  evidently  to 
be  grasped  in  the  hands.     This  is  the  rarest  of  forms. 


Fio.  164. 


»12 


PAPERS  RELATING  TO  ANTHROPOLOGY. 


'C-^:m^^^- 


Flo.  165. 


From  St.  Amie. 
Leiigtli,  14  inches. 


Fig-.  167.  A  shallow,  irregular  uiortar,  of  very  dark  browu  color. 
Among  Il^orth  American  relirs  this  would  be  called  a  paint  mortar. 
Fortunately  the  practices  of  our  Pueblo  Indians  show  us  to  what  an 
enormous  extent  paint  was  used  by  the  American  aborigines.  In  Zufii, 
for  instance,  the  paint  mortar  never  ceases.  They  are  called  into  daily 
use  by  the  potters,  the  warriors,  and  by  the  whole  tribe,  in  the  elaborate 
preparations  for  dances  and  ceremonies. 

Height,  2^  inches  ;  diameter,  6^  inches. 


GUESDE    COLLECTION    OF    ANTIQUITIES    IN    WEST    INDIES.    813 

Fig.  168.  A  paint  mortar,  of  brown  color.  It  is  proviilnl  with  a  han- 
dle partly  broken.  It  is  not  an  unusual  tliiuf;  anion j;  modern  Indi.im. 
to  use  paint  mortars  with  handles. 

Width,  3-^  inches. 


j^' 


M^ 


Mm 


'h 


M 


:^'''^&&^^^^^^M^^''-''^  " 


Fig.  168. 


Fig.  169.  A  pretty  dish  of  rich  brown  color.  It  is  oval  outline,  and 
perfectly  polished  inside  and  out.  The  two  ends  are  not  quite  sym 
metrical. 

Diameter,  5^  inches. 


if.-' 


] 


Fir..  1(39. 


Fig,  170.  A  double  concave  disk  of  dark  brown  color,  very  smooth 
and  beautifully  rounded.  Archieologists  sometimes  call  sueh  beautilul 
objects  paint-mortars  and  sometimes  chuugke  stones.     The  Navaj(»s, 


814  PAPERS  RELATING  TO  ANTHROPOLOGY. 

says  Dr.  Wasliington  Matthews,  at  the  present  day  phiy  with  the  in- 
teusest  exciteineut  a  gaiue  called  "turkey  claw."  Two  players  contend 
iu  the  following  manner:  Each  one  is  provided  with  a  pole,  twice  a 
man's  span  in  lenj^th,  consisting  of  two  parts  lashed  together  by  a  long 
leather  thong,  either  end  of  which  hangs  loose  for  about  a  yard.  At 
distances  of  nearly  a  loot  on  these  loose  ends  are  sewed  crosswise  simi- 
lar leather  thongs  so  that  there  seems  to  be  two  tassels  of  five  strands 
each.  At  a  given  signal  a  ring,  made  by  wrapping  rawhide  strings 
around  a  hoop,  until  it  becomes  very  thick  and  heavy,  is  rolled  along 
the  ground.  The  players  aim  to  throw  their  sjiears  so  that  the  ring  in 
falling  will  gather  up  and  become  entangled  with  several  of  the  leather 
strands.  The  number  and  position  of  strands  lying  on  the  ring  enables 
the  players  to  decide  the  game.  There  is  no  reason  why  such  a  disk 
should  not  be  thus  used.  The  statement  made  by  writers  that  the  pole 
should  pierce  the  ring  is  not  strictly  true. 
Diameter,  5j^o  inches. 


Fig.  170. 


Fig.  171.  A  very  highly  polished  imi)lement  of  dark  brown  color, 
and  presenting  one  of  those  enigmatic  forms  that  are  ever  springing 
upon  us  in  the  West  Indian  area.  The  general  outline  is  that  of  a 
ladle.  Upon  the  reverse  the  face  is  flat,  but  the  broad  portion  of  the 
obverse  is  slightly  concave  and  bordered  by  a  molding  which  is  car- 
ried nearly  to  the  narrow  portion.  The  latter  is  Ungulate  in  form  and 
has  ten  concentric  ridges  terminating  in  the  border  which  is  fluted  ex- 
ternally.   There  is  no  duplicate  of  this  form. 

Length,  12^  inches. 

Fig.  172.  An  unique  specimen  of  light-brown  color  and  quite  rough. 
It  is  hollow  like  a  mortar,  but  the  most  remarkable  feature  about  it  is 
the  seiies  of  flutings  on  the  surface.  M.  Guesde  is  of  the  opinion  that 
it  was  rather  a  cover  for  something  than  a  grinding  stone.  In  defer- 
ence to  this  opinion  it  is  drawn  with  the  broad  part  downward. 

Height,  6|  inches. 

Fig.  173.  A  smooth  mortar  of  very  dark  color.  The  figure  of  a  fly- 
ing creature  is  well  executed  and  beautifully  polished.  The  cavity  is 
also  made  with  great  care.    It  would  not  be  wild  speculation  to  imag- 


GUESDE    COLLECTION    OF   ANTIQIITIES    IN    WEST   LNDIES.    815 


•iS- '.-:;.'"  ■.•'^'     :•"'" 


..•X 


^, 


^^^&y 


Fig.  171. 


Fig.  172. 

ine  this  the  cosmetic  mortar  of  some  proud  cacique  long  before  the 
days  of  Guanecagaro.     (From  Porto  Rico.) 
Length,  8-j%  inches ;  width  9  inches. 

VIII.   PERFORATED   STONES. 

The  perforation  of  stone  by  the  American  aborigines  has  l>een  I'aitli- 
fnlly  studied  by  Dr.  Charles  Ran  and  otliers.  When  the  boring  is  for  a 
short  distance  two  conical  excavations  are  made  from  opposite  sides,  mak- 
ing a  cavity  shaped  like  an  hour-glass.  The  process  of  boring  a  similar 
hole  is  commonly  called  countersinking.  The  West  Indians  as  well  as 
other  aborigines  of  our  continent  also  understoo<l  how  to  pnMluee  long 
excavations  through  very  hard  material,  but  never  with  the  uniformity 
of  a  steel  drill.  One  of  the  best  tests  of  genuine  relics  of  this  elass  is 
the  method  of  i)erforation. 


816 


PAPERS  RELATING  TO  ANTHKOPULOGY. 


i*^  •        -cffi'ifJ 


'S^- 


<"'f^'^■^.7.,••J;s^i;;^f»W!^^ 


Figs.  174-178.  Ordinary  pebbles  with  a  double  countersink  perfora- 
tion near  the  border,  generally  so  located  that  the  long  axis  will  be  ver- 
tical. These  are  beautifully  polished,  and  there  is  little  doubt  that  they 
were  worn  as  pendants. 


Mi 


^«^'.^-v. 


Fig.  175. 


Flo.  176. 


Long  diameter  of  174,  1^  inches. 
Long  diameter  of  175,  l-jV  inches. 
Long  diameter  of  176,  3^  inches. 


GUESDE    COLLECTION   OF   ANTIQUITIES    L\    WEST    INDIES. "81 7 


Fio.  170. 


Fl(i.  17 


U'^^: 


Xiu.'i:...--*»-^ 


^ 


Fig.  178. 


Long  diameter  of  177,  2^^  inches. 
Long  diameter  of  178,  l^^^-  inches. 
Long  diameter  of  179,  1-^^  inches. 
Long  diameter  of  180,  1-ji-  inches. 

181.  A  perforated  cylinder,  of  drab  color,  beautifnlly  ixilisht-d.  This 
is  a  larger  bore  than  is  usual  in  West  Indian  specimens.  Tlu'  aiici»Mit 
lapidaries  of  this  area  excelled  in  the  fineness  of  their  perforations. 

Length,  13*0  inches. 

182.  A  stone  ring,  ovoid  in  outline,  pierced  by 
a  double  countersink  in  the  middle.     Stones  of 

the  same  treatment  arc  found  in  Porto  Eico  too  ,":^-:  ^ 
heavy  for  a  man  to  lift,  Avhich  are  undoubtedly  -?:'•■■ 
unfinished  collars.     Length,  3  inches.  0v:,-.'- ..  "■ 

Fig.  183.  A  stone  ring  of  great  asymmetry.     ;^' 
This  perforation  was  probably  made  by  pecking,     %,■   . 
its  faces  being  rubbed  down  afterwards.  '^ ' .  - 

Dimensions,  5f^  x  Jr-pj  inches.  %; 

Fig.  184:.  A  stone  ring  of  still  greater  finish. 
Were  it  not  for  the  material  one  might  suppose 

M.  Guesde  had  collected  the  specimen  on  the  Santa  Barbara  islands, 
in  California.  These  rings  have  caused  considerable  guessing  among 
archaeologists,  who  call  them  whorls,  digging  stick  weights,  casse- 
tetes,  etc. 

Diameter,  4j%  inches. 


S.  Mis.  33- 


-52 


818  PAPERS  RELATING  TO  ANTHROPOLOGY, 


.,-=«s^- 


■% 


"^'''. 

1  ':^:-^' 

Fig.  183. 

^^■::. 

,..^,r^lf^!^^Sf) 

Fig.  184. 


Fig.  185,  1  and  2.  A  beautifully  finished  stone  pulley.  The  points  to 
be  noticed  are  the  nearly  circular  outline,  the  countersink  perforation, 
the  curved  sloi)e  of  the  sides,  and  the  groove  in  the  circumference. 
This  last  feature  is  unknown  to  the  author  of  these  notes  in  any  other 
stone  implement.    The  edge  view  is  enlarged  to  exhibit  the  groove, 

Diameter,  1-^%  inches. 


% 


©UESDE    COLLECTION    OF   ANTIQUITIES    IN    WEST    INDIES.    81J» 


Fig.  185.— 1. 


c^-v-: 


''^■"'*'--~'''^*^^-f^yA'i^^''i'feift^'^^ 


Fig.  185.— 2. 


Fig.  186.  A  spool-shaped  object,  bighly  polished.  The  excavation 
does  not  pierce  the  stone.  As  the  natives  of  this  area  distoiuled  their 
ears  to  a  great  extent,  we  may  be  allowed  to  call  this  an  earplug. 

Height,  1^  inches. 


IX.   ORNAMENTAL  FORMS. 

In  this  group  have  been  brought 
together  those  specimens  in  which 
ornament  is  of  more  importance  than 
use.  They  are  not  all  made  of  stone, 
and  a  few  of  them  are  not  in  M. 
Guesde's  collection.  The  last  named 
have  come  into  the  National  Museum 
since  the  description  of  the  Latimer 
collection  in  1876.  (Smithsonian  Ee- 
port,  1876,  p.  372-393.)  It  is  not  to 
be  supposed  that  the  makers  designed 
any  such  division  of  their  artefacts. 

Fig  187,  1  and  2.  A  beautifully  polished  object,  and  synunet 
formed  in  face  and  profile,  the  outlines  of  the  edge  view  makin 
pleasant  combination. 

Length,  3^^  inches.         « 


./ 


\ 


ncallN 
a  verv 


820 


PAPERS   RELATING   TO    ANTHROPOLOGY. 


ii^^Ti-: 


Fig.  187-1. 


'^      ■ 

^^^:&:  ■  ■ 

^^■-■■-■':^ 
^  ■  ■'  ■ 
^■^    '■   '-■■■■ 

S^"         ^   ■■■; 

Fig.  187-2. 


Fig.  188, 1  and  2.  A  similar  object  to  that  last  described  but  not  nearly 
so  well  formed. 
Length,  3i^o  inches. 


'^^U;, 


S!S^ 


^Sf^f-rlr. . 

^fe^K^:- '-■.•:;:.;:  ;.-^ 

t.<ii»'-^^  .■..■■■-•::■ 

ife^;.  :;.-.-•••■■■: 

«>v^^:      ^  •'-.-,-i-    :■■  •   :■■■ 
i^-li:     \  •'::':■:■  ■:'.::■ 

'^lS:>  '■"  ■    ■■■''•'■■ 

^^i:   ¥:.;•  ■■'1 


Fig.  188-1. 


Fig.  188-2. 


GUESDE    COLLECTION    OF    ANTIQUITIES    IX    WEST    INDIES.    821 

Fig.  189.  A  pick-shaped  object,  oiio  projocrion  I.n.k.n.     Th.-  <m\Mr 
is  beautifully  polished. 
Length,  7  iuches. 


% 


m 

'•■>.>■ 

m- 

&?i^:^^: 

'■::''--B, 

i-fj^'-^:  ..:,■.:  ■ 

:  ■  ■  ■ '::''  ,^' 

pi^^v;-; 

>.- '.  ■  y.-' V 

y-:,:  ' 

,■  ;■■ "  O'i-' 

.  ■.  ■  .         i-^" 

-.    •'  .■    ::^- 

.<1  •..  .". 


■•i^^ 


:m 


■m:^ 


K>-X-  ■ 


\'--y 


..■;v:>.vvB: 


Fig.  189. 


g22         PAPERS  RELATING  TO  ANTHROPOLOGY. 

Fig.  190.  A  curved  object  of  light  brown  color.    If  the  lapidary  de- 
signed to  produce  the  outline  of  a  banana  he  succeeded  admirably. 
^Length,  6  inches  ;  width,  1.^  inches. 


■.•'^!5^'".v^'>J ->■>•-» 


■•k-.'>V; 
0' 

«P:v^-: -:-■■ 


*=^^^ 


r 


%:c 


riG.  190. 

Fig.  191.  A  hook-shaped  stone,  very  similar  in  finish  to  the  last. 
From  Canoe. 
Length,  8  inches. 


GUESDE    COLLECTION    OF    ANTIQUITIES    IN    WEST    INDIES.     823 


A^ 


Fig.  101. 

Fig.  192.  A  V  shaped  object  of  light  brown  color.  It  is  p<>,s.sil.|\  an 
amulet  worn  suspended  from  the  neck.  This  should  be  compared  with 
an  ornament  called  by  the  Caribs,  Caracoli,or  Coulljucoli,  and  mad.- 
of  a  metal  resembling  gold,  obtained  from  the  Alloiiagurs,  of  Sonth 
America. 

Width  of  limb,  4^^  inches. 


Fig.  193.  The  object  sketched  in  this  figure  resembles  some  of  the 
plainest  specimens  of  mammiform  stones  from  Porto  Kico,  in  the  Lat- 
imer collection.  (Smithonian  Eeport,  1876.)  No  head  or  legs  are  indi- 
cated in  the  projections  from  the  base.  The  lower  face,  ni»t  seen  in  the 
drawing,  is  concave  and  there  is  a  hole  in  the  apex.  On  either  face  of 
the  mamma  are  distinct  ridges.  Mr.  im  Thurn  fignres  one  of  these  ob- 
jects and  calls  attention  to  exami)les  from  San  Domingo  in  Blarkninre 
Museum.  His  own  specimen  is  <lescribed  as  having  animal  liea<ls  at 
either  end.  This  does  not  correspond  with  the  one  in  the  Latimer  series, 
in  each  of  which  there  is  a  head  at  one  end  and  feet  at  the  other.  Their 
use  as  stools  is  very  questionable, because  that  would  bring  the  unsightly 
portion  upward  ar.d  bury  the  ornamental  portion  out  of  sight.  The 
owner  of  the  small  island  of  Canouan,  says  Mr.  Low,  has  a  mammiform 
resembling  Fig.  42,  Latimer  collection,  with  carved  lines  like  tho.se  on 
Fig.  43.     (See  also  Timehri,  i,  2(J.s,  2(j!).) 

Length,  11^  inches;  height,  7  inches. 


824  PAPERS  RELATING  TO  ANTHROPOLOGY. 


0' 


M' 


■^^^^f^0: 


^t\f'' 


^•:.'.:-  •".•■..■■  .<.iw.j«rf'>-5v,-«^_»» 

VV--^.':-.'/.->'.. -■  .■'••■.:■■ 

*.«!.•••••••■' -     -    • 

Fig.  193. 

Fig.  194.  This  object  is  absolutely  unique,  for  we  have  in  it  a  min- 
iature fire-place  or  altar,  both  faces  of  which  are  identical.  Four  rude 
steplets  conduct  to  a  landing  place  partly  covered  by  a  niche.  At  the 
top  an  excavation  is  seen  which  may  have  served  for  a  statuette.  The 
c^^iect  was  found  at  Abymes,  but  the  evidence  of  aboriginal  origin 
should  be  strong  just  in  comparison  to  the  outlandishness  of  a  specimen. 
Height,  6  inches. 

Fig.  195.  An  ornameu- 
M-  ^     ''''"'''"^'''■'^:^  tal  piece,  of  bluish  green 

■::^  color.     It  is  rare  in  form, 

.;  ;f  but  not  absolutely  unique. 

.    :  In  the  American  Museum 

at  New  York  is  a  similar 
specimen.     The  chamfer- 
ing and  fluting  are  grace- 
■;:  fully  blended.    The  left- 

/"vv  hand  extremity  is  perfor- 

i      ated  for  suspension.  From 
^  !f^    Punto  Duo. 

,..,..  Length  of  long,  limb,  8 

inches  ;  of  short  limb,  5^^ 
inches. 

Fig.  196.  A  highly  or- 
namented specimen,  one  portion  of  which  is  plain,  resembling  the  edge 
of  a  cleaver ;  the  remainder  is  covered  with  ornament.  Let  us  imagine 
this  to  be  a  stone  ax,  the  most  beautiful  in  the  world.  The  following 
characteristics  claim  our  attention :  The  hafting  notches  are  extended, 
that  on  the  upper  part  by  a  narrow  gutter  almost  parallel  with  the  edge  5 
that  on  the  lower  part  sweeping  outward  in  a  curve  which  combines 


'•^•i<: 

''•v»ii; 

Fig. 

194. 

GUESDE    COLLECTION   OP   ANTIQUITIES    IN    WEST    INDIES     825 


''^iT-i-:- 


Fio.  10.-) 


the  lower  portion  and  both  faces  in  a  continnon.s  pattern.    This  is  a> 
suredly  M.  Guesde's  jewel  iu  the  ax  class. 
Length,  5J  inches. 


\ 


Fir,.  196. 

Fig.  197.  An  ornamental  stone  of  a  niarljh-  ;^i;i\  ri)l(jr.  Tin*  right 
part  is  couoidal  and  has  near  its  middle  a  raised  band.  Tliis may  Iia\  «• 
fitted  a  socket.  The  left  part  resembles  a  liberty  caji,  lH)iinded  at  its 
base  by  the  curve  of  beauty.  On  the  two  sides  of  the  enhirgrd  middh* 
are  compound  scrolls  in  relief,  resembling  the  implements  ,sohl  to 
draughtsmen  for  making  curves. 

Length,  11^  inches. 

Fig.  198.  A'stone  collar  of  very  dark  limwn  i>atiiiii.  'I'his  brlitngs  to 
that  class  of  enigmatical  objects  wliich  t'onncd  such  an  atti;n'ti\<'  ft-atiirf 
in  the  Latimer  collection  from  I'orto  Kico.  (Smithsonian  iti-port.  1S7«», 
372-393.)  It  is  of  the  left  shonldered  variety;  that  is,  imagining  the 
object  suspended  from  the  neck  bkc  a  regalia,  there  is  a  ]»rojeeli<ni  on 


326  PAPERS   RELATING   TO   ANTHROPOLOGY. 


v..  \ 


Mm^- 


,!^"' 


Fig.  197 


Fig.  198o 


Fig.  198. 


GUESDE    COLLECTION    OF    ANTIQUITIES    IN    WEST    INDIES.    827 

the  left  side  faintly  resembling'  a  lashin";  of  tin-  two  i-nds  of  a  hoop. 
This  being  on  the  left,  the  ornamental  panel  is  on  the  rijriit.  Tlu'  ••!»• 
ments  of  this  panel  are  not  unique.  Notice  lirst  tlu'  b»'a<liii};  loopi'd  on 
the  right  side  at  the  top  of  the  panel,  and  w  ideuing  d()\vn\vard  tt»  in 
close  the  key  ornaments  and  to  pass  quite  around  the  boss  below.  Tht- 
border  ou  the  edge  outside  and  in  front  of  this  beiul  has  a  hiiinan  faee 
between  two  opposing  scrolls.  The  bas-relief  ornaiiu-nt  iiisid.-  the  bt-a*! 
consists  of  a  double  ring  in  relief,  with  two  oniaiiients  as  nearl\  alike 
as  the  varying  space  would  admit. 

Length,  17i%  inches  ;  thickness  of  side,  l-,^„  inches,     (('omitaie  table 
in  Smithsonian  Report,  187C,  p.  300.) 

Fig.  1!M>.  A  collar  Irom  San  Dnm- 
ingo,  pr(>bably  obtained  in  Porto 
Rico.  It  does  not  belong  to  M. 
Guesde's  collection,  but  tiie  figure 
will  explain  some  features  omittfd  in 
the  last.  This  is  also  left  shouldered. 
The  shoulder  projection,  the  looped 
bead,  with  its  herring-bone  ridges, 
inclosing  triangular  excavations,  the 
boss,  and  the  slight  onnnnent  on  the 
shouldered  side  are  all  well  exjuessj'd. 
Although  both  these  are  lett  shoul- 
dered, there  are  many  right-shoul- 
dered ones,  plainly  showing  that  they 
were  to  be  use<l  in  pairs. 

Fig.  200,  A  stone  stool  t)r  chair  of 

the  variety  mentioned  and  illustrated 

£  ^         in  the  Smithsonian  Report,  lS7<i,  p. 

B  '.         370,     The  material  of  thost' there  de- 

f.  scribed,  however,  is  either  sandstone 

or  wood,  and  the  device  is  some  ani- 
mal form.     In  ^l.  (iues«le's  specimen 
:   the  material  is  a  dark  brown  v«)lcanic 
'  stone,  and  the  device  is  the  human 
..    form.     Moreover,  the  ])osiiion  is  in- 
.'    verted.     The   nuin    is   Iving   on    his 
back,  with  his  feet  drawn  uji  t«>  torm 
the  legs  of  the  stool.     Ilis  arms,  with- 
-""    .r    out  auv  attem])t  at  accuraev  of  delin 
eation  are  doubled  on  his  neik.     The 
eyes   and   mouth   are  like  the  same 
■^-.^  :   k..,n-'??#        features   in   all    aboriginal   stan 

■     ^    ^  .  . -^--^^....^     I        :^         j^jijj  beautiful  shells  were  ilou!' 

'^^ukd  ^       '^  inserted    in    them.     The    ears    have 

Fig. 200.  large  oi)euings    in    which    were    m- 


828 


PAPERS  RELATING  TO  ANTHROPOLOGY. 


sertotl  plug's  of  wood,  stone,  shell,  or  feathers.  The  legs  of  the 
chair,  just  beneath  the  man's  shonlders,  are  mere  projections  from  the 
stone.  Tlie  iiiarkiugs  in  tlie  head  and  forehead  are  quite  tastefully  de- 
signed. The  back  does  not  slope  upward  as  much  as  in  the  Latimer 
specimens.  In  Dr.  Liborio  Lerda's  "Eldorado "  is  figured  a  mummified 
human  body  seated  on  a  stone  stool  in  a  cist.  The  figure  in  this  paper 
an<l  notes  of  im  Thurn  {Thnehri,  i,  271)  should  be  consulted.  The  im- 
possibility of  using  such  objects  as  mealing  stones  was  pointed  out  by 
the  author  of  these  notes  ten  years  ago,  and  im  Thurn  adds  the  very 
pertinent  argument  that  the  ancient  West  Indians  did  not  grind  maize, 
subsisting  mainly  on  cassava.  Dr.  Joseph  Jones  quotes  Sheldon  as 
saying,  "When  a  Carib  died  his  body  was  placed  in  the  grave  in  an 
attitude  resembling  that  in  which  they  crouched  around  the  fire  or  the 
table  when  alive,  with  the  elbows  on  the  knees  and  the  palms  of  the 
hands  against  the  cheeks." 

Length,  16  inches;  Avidth,  6^  inches;  height  of  head,  G^  inches;  of 
feet,  2  to  3  inches. 

Figs.  201-202.  A  low  wooden  stool  from  Turk's  Island,  collected  by  the 
late  W.  M.  Gabb.  This  form  is  similar  to  those  described  in  a  iirevious 
publication,  and  referred  to  by  the  historians  of  Columbus.  The  orna- 
mentation of  the  countenance  of  the  human  head  are  best  shown  in  Fig. 
202  a.  The  labyrinthine  design  of  the  seat  ornament,  the  scrolls,  loz- 
enges, and  chevrons  in  the  head  ornaments  are  most  praiseworthy. 
Length,  46  inches.     (202 «,  b,  c,  d.) 


Fig.  202  d. 


Fig.  203.  A  human  figure  carved  from  a  single  log  of  wood.  The 
portions  broken  away  render  it  impossible  to  tell  how  large  the  image 
was  originally  and  what  position  the  figure  occupied.    Especially  notice- 


GUESDE    COLLECTION    OF   ANTIQUITIES    IN    WEST    INDlEi?.    82U 


\A  I 


%' 


830 


PAPERS  RELATING  TO  ANTHROPOLOGY. 


able  are  the  ear-plug-s  and  the  bands  drawn  tightly  around  the  muscle 
of  the  arms.  This  feature  is  explained  in  the  next  figure.  Length,  43 
inches. 


Fig.  203, 


GUESDE    COLLECTION    OF    ANTIQUITIES    IN    WEST    INDIES      831 

Figs.  1M)4,  205.  This  carving  represents  two  individuals  Hoat<Ml  on  :i 
canopied  chair.  Tlie  whoU'  thing  is  inteicsting  to  the  highest  th-gree. 
The  chair  has  a  high  back  ornamented  w  ith  scrolls  and  concentrii-  rings. 
Both  individuals  have  embroidered  skull  caps,  the  nearest  approach  t<) 
which  are  the  basket  work,  dose-titting  (Mubroidered  hats  «»!'  the  Indians 
of  the  Great  Interior  Basin  of  the  United  States.  Tht*  ears  miidi  di> 
tended  are  to  be  looked  for.  The  most  noteworthy  featun-,  ho\\ 
the  bauds  of  embroidered  cotton  just  above  the  calves.  In  his  mhuihI 
voyage,  cruising  among  the  Caribbee  Islands,  Cohunbus  came  on  the 
10th  of  November,  1493,  to  Santa  Cruz  Island.  Here  he  had  a  fight 
with  some  natives  in  a  dug-out  and  wounded  some  of  them.  "Th«'  hair 
o£  these  savages  was  loug  and  coarse,  their  eyes  were  encircle«l  with 


-i!aW»- 


Fio.  204. 


832 


PAPERS  DELATING  TO  ANTHROPOLOGY. 


paint  so  as  to  give  them  a  hideous  expression  ;  and  bands  of  cotton  were 
bound  tiinily  above  and  below  the  muscuhir  part  of  the  arms  and  legs 
so  as  to  cause  them  to  swell  to  a  disproportioned  size."  (Irvmg's  Colum- 
bus, I,  333.)    Heiglit,  31  inches. 


Fig.  205. 


Figs,  200,  207.  Spoon  and  cup  carved  from  the  guava  fruit.  The 
spoon  and  mug  are  both  of  European  form,  but  it  would  be  exceedingly 
interesting  to  obtain  some  of  the  ancient  forms.  It  is  more  than  prob- 
able that  the  gourd  and  jicara  fruit  and  cocoa  played  an  important  part 
in  this  portion  of  the  economy  of  the  ancient  Caribs. 

Fig.  208.  In  this  figure  is  represented  an  inscribed  slab  found  in  a 
portion  of  Guadeloupe,  properly  so  called.    It  weighs  several  tons  and 


GUEbDE    UULLECTION    OF    ANTIQUITIES    IN    WK.'^l-    1M)1K>.    H6'i^ 


Fig.  206. 


,•5*      r 


r  / 


y 


I 


1 


m 


Kio.  207. 


it  is  impossible  to  remove  it.     lu  the  vicinity  are  t«.  be  seen  inanv  ..,  1.,-. 
rocks  bearing  inscriptions,  but  this  is  the  most  Haborat.-  ot  the  ^m....]. 
The  general  appearance  of  the  figures  is  not  .lissin.ilar  to- those  ..n  the 
cover  of  the  journal  published  in  Den.erara,  ealle.l  Fn.^rhn,  -0.s,  a. 
S.  Mis.  33 :53 


834 


PAPERS    RELATING    TO    ANTHROPOLOGY. 


Air 


r '-...... %,■ 


:<ss^'C^'ii,  .•;;:? 


I  - 


^V 


f^ 


Fig.  208. 


Fig,  208  a. 


Fig.  209. 


GUESDE    COLLECTION    OF    ANTIQUITIES    IN    WEST    IND1E>.     835 

.  Figs.  209-213.  Specimeus  of  pottery  in  M.(iue8(le'8colIwti(Ui.  Tlu-y 
do  not  ditier  at  all  t'loni  tbose  found  throu^dioiit  tlir  Wvm  Indit-s.  Tlu' 
material  is  poorly  worked  but  well  baked  and  most  of  the  .l..i  ,,.  .,., 
the  handles  are  boldly  conceived.     (iSee  also  Timehri,  iii.  pi 


'  y,  ; 


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Fig.  21  u  a. 


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Fig.  210  b. 


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i. 
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Fig.  211. 


w 


Fi<;.  21J. 


Fig.  214.  This  is  the  l>est  preserved  fragment  of  pottery  a.s  yet  ti^Mired 
from  this  area.  The  cylindrical  mouth  and  the  ornamental  b<Mly  point 
to  a  vessel  of  some  pretensions.  It  is  impossible  to  conjecture  what  w.is 
the  continuation  of  the  lower  portion. 


836 


PAPERS  RELATING  TO  ANTHROPOLOGY, 


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^^v.„. 


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Fig.  213. 


Figures  215,  215  a.  In  the  introductiou  to  this  paper  M.  Guesde 
speaks  of  shell  celts ;  they  are  also  mentioned  over  and  over  again  in 
Stevens'  "Flint  Chips,"  and  those  familiar  with  the  arts  of  Polynesia 
will  recall  the  beautiful  adze  blades  scarcely  distinguishable  from  chal- 
cedony, keeping  clearly  in  mind  the  fact  that  the  people  of  each  area 
utilize  always  the  best  materials  and  processes  consistent  with  their 


GUESDE    COLLECTION    OF    ANTIQUITIES    IN    WKsr    IM.IK>.     .^37 

grade  of  civilization.  Tlu'  whole  subject  of  art  in  shfll  is  rxliaustively 
treated  by  W.  II.  Holmes  in  Second  Annual  Kcpoit  of  tin*  IJuirau  of 
Ethu(.lo-y,  pp.  203-i'(ir).     (See  also  Timdni,  iii,  j.!.  Vi.) 


Fig.  215. 


Fkj.  ii'xi. 


I 


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